Intellectual lineage

The library

The 464 thinkers.

Every figure cited across the Political DNA archetypes — grouped by the family that draws on them and the role they played, never a flat A–Z wall.

The library464 thinkers
Libertarian53
Austrian School EconomicsLate 19th century to present2
Friedrich Hayek1899–1992Ludwig von Mises1881–1973
Chicago School EconomicsMid-20th century to present1
Milton Friedman1912–2006
Classical Liberalism17th-19th century2
Gottfried DietzeWilhelm von Humboldt
Individualist Anarchism19th century to present4
Benjamin TuckerKarl HessSamuel Edward Konkin IIIVoltairine de Cleyre
Market Anarchism20th century to present5
David FriedmanJustin RaimondoLysander Spooner1808–1887William Godwin1756–1836Murray Rothbard1926–1995
Aesthetic Philosophy18th century to present1
Friedrich Nietzsche1844–1900
Comparative Politics18th century to present1
Charles de Montesquieu1689–1755
Conservatism18th century to present3
Clyde WilsonPaul GottfriedSamuel Francis
Critique of Modernity19th century to present7
Ayn Rand1905–1982Henry David Thoreau1817–1862Michel Foucault1926–1984Simone de Beauvoir1908–1986Emma Goldman1869–1940Max Stirner1806–1856Søren Kierkegaard1813–1855
Deontological Ethics18th century to present1
Immanuel Kant1724–1804
Empiricism17th-18th century1
John Locke1632–1704
Existentialism19th-20th century1
Albert Camus1913–1960
History of Ideas20th century to present1
Isaiah Berlin1909–1997
Liberal Feminism18th century to present2
Harriet Taylor Mill1807–1858Mary Wollstonecraft1759–1797
Moral PhilosophyAncient to present2
Bertrand Russell1872–1970Adam Smith1723–1790
Mutualism19th century to present1
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon1809–1865
Natural LawAncient to present2
Aristotle384–322 BCEFrederick Douglass1818–1895
Phenomenology20th century1
Hannah Arendt1906–1975
Philosophical RadicalismEarly 19th century3
Frédéric Bastiat1801–1850Henry George1839–1897Jeremy Bentham1748–1832
Political Economy18th century to present1
Herbert Spencer1820–1903
Political PhilosophyAncient to present2
Robert Nozick1938–2002Mahatma Gandhi1869–1948
Political TheologyAncient to present2
Martin Luther1483–1546Baruch Spinoza1632–1677
RepublicanismAncient to present4
James Madison1751–1836Patrick Henry1736–1799Thomas Jefferson1743–1826Thomas Paine1737–1809
SkepticismAncient to present2
Voltaire1694–1778David Hume1711–1776
Utilitarianism18th-19th century1
John Stuart Mill1806–1873
Conservative69
Catholic Political ThoughtMedieval to present2
Richard John NeuhausG.K. Chesterton1874–1936
Conservatism18th century to present6
Benjamin Disraeli1804–1881Charles KrauthammerJefferson Davis1808–1889Norman PodhoretzPeter ViereckWinston Churchill1874–1965
Critique of Modernity19th century to present10
Alasdair MacIntyre1929–2025Fyodor Dostoevsky1821–1881Martin Heidegger1889–1976Christopher Lasch1932–1994Oswald Spengler1880–1936Thomas Carlyle1795–1881Carl Schmitt1888–1985Leo Strauss1899–1973Max Weber1864–1920Søren Kierkegaard1813–1855
Liberal Political Thought19th-20th century3
Dwight D. Eisenhower1890–1969Hubert HumphreyRobert F. Kennedy Sr.
Natural LawAncient to present4
Aristotle384–322 BCEHarry JaffaMarcus Tullius Cicero106–43 BCEAbraham Lincoln1809–1865
Political RealismRenaissance to present3
Gaetano Mosca1858–1941James Burnham1905–1987Raymond Aron1905–1983
Aesthetic Philosophy18th century to present1
Roger Scruton1944–2020
Ancient Philosophy6th century BCE to 6th century CE1
Marcus Aurelius121–180
British IdealismLate 19th-early 20th century1
Michael Oakeshott1901–1990
Chicago School EconomicsMid-20th century to present1
Milton Friedman1912–2006
Civil Society18th century to present1
Robert Nisbet
Classical Liberalism17th-19th century1
Wilhelm Röpke
Comparative Politics18th century to present3
Samuel Huntington1927–2008Alexis de Tocqueville1805–1859Charles de Montesquieu1689–1755
Dialectical Philosophy19th century to present1
G.W.F. Hegel1770–1831
Market Anarchism20th century to present1
Murray Rothbard1926–1995
MaterialismAncient to present1
Thomas Hobbes1588–1679
Moral PhilosophyAncient to present2
Confucius551–479 BCEArthur Schopenhauer1788–1860
Philosophy of History18th century to present2
Augustine of Hippo354–430José Ortega y Gasset1883–1955
PlatonismAncient to present1
Plato428–348 BCE
Political Economy18th century to present2
Alexander Hamilton1755–1804Martin Feldstein
Political PhilosophyAncient to present2
Irving Kristol1920–2009Russell Kirk1918–1994
Political RhetoricClassical to present2
William F. Buckley Jr.1925–2008Edmund Burke1729–1797
Political SociologyLate 19th century to present3
Daniel Patrick MoynihanJames Q. WilsonRoberto Michels1876–1936
Political TheologyAncient to present9
Ayatollah Khomeini1902–1989C.S. Lewis1898–1963John Calvin1509–1564Eric Voegelin1901–1985Joseph de Maistre1753–1821Martin Luther1483–1546Reinhold Niebuhr1892–1971Martin Luther King Jr.1929–1968Hugo Grotius1583–1645
Renaissance Humanism14th-16th century1
Niccolò Machiavelli1469–1527
RepublicanismAncient to present3
Charles de Gaulle1890–1970James Madison1751–1836Thomas Jefferson1743–1826
Scholasticism12th-15th century1
Thomas Aquinas1225–1274
SkepticismAncient to present1
David Hume1711–1776
Progressive63
Anti-Colonial Thought19th century to present1
Malcolm X1925–1965
Critical Theory20th century3
Jürgen Habermas1929–2026Stuart HallW.E.B. Du Bois1868–1963
Democratic Socialism19th century to present1
Eduard Bernstein1850–1932
Liberal Feminism18th century to present3
Susan B. Anthony1820–1906Harriet Taylor Mill1807–1858Mary Wollstonecraft1759–1797
Marxism19th century to present3
Eric HobsbawmHoward ZinnGeorges Sorel1847–1922
Philosophical RadicalismEarly 19th century2
Henry George1839–1897Jeremy Bentham1748–1832
PragmatismLate 19th century to present1
Richard Rorty1931–2007
Classical Liberalism17th-19th century1
Julian Simon
Critique of Modernity19th century to present7
Henry David Thoreau1817–1862Michel Foucault1926–1984Simone de Beauvoir1908–1986Christopher Lasch1932–1994Simone Weil1909–1943George Orwell1903–1950Emma Goldman1869–1940
Existentialism19th-20th century1
Albert Camus1913–1960
History of Ideas20th century to present1
E.P. Thompson1924–1993
Liberal Political Thought19th-20th century4
John Rawls1921–2002Theodore Roosevelt1858–1919Tony JudtWoodrow Wilson1856–1924
Market Anarchism20th century to present1
William Godwin1756–1836
MaterialismAncient to present2
Marvin MinskyPeter Kropotkin1842–1921
Moral PhilosophyAncient to present1
Bertrand Russell1872–1970
Natural LawAncient to present3
Frederick Douglass1818–1895Harriet Tubman1822–1913Abraham Lincoln1809–1865
Philosophy of History18th century to present2
Antonio Gramsci1891–1937John Dewey1859–1952
Political Economy18th century to present8
Alexander Hamilton1755–1804C.K. PrahaladJohn Maynard Keynes1883–1946Peter DruckerJohn Kenneth Galbraith1908–2006Michael Harrington1928–1989Thorstein Veblen1857–1929Rosa Luxemburg1871–1919
Political PhilosophyAncient to present3
Thomas More1478–1535Mahatma Gandhi1869–1948Vladimir Lenin1870–1924
Political SociologyLate 19th century to present3
C. Wright MillsDaniel BellWalter Lippmann1889–1974
Political TheologyAncient to present6
César Chávez1927–1993Rosa Parks1913–2005Dorothy Day1897–1980Walter Rauschenbusch1861–1918Reinhold Niebuhr1892–1971Martin Luther King Jr.1929–1968
RepublicanismAncient to present1
Thomas Paine1737–1809
Romantic Political Thought18th-19th century1
Jean-Jacques Rousseau1712–1778
SkepticismAncient to present1
Voltaire1694–1778
Other figures3

Not yet placed in a tradition — reachable here, by role, and by search.

Buckminster FullerCarl SaganNorbert Wiener
Socialist51
Anti-Colonial Thought19th century to present1
Nelson Mandela1918–2013
Democratic Socialism19th century to present7
Branko HorvatDavid SchweickartEugene V. Debs1855–1926Jaroslav VanekJohn RoemerOskar LangeEduard Bernstein1850–1932
Marxism19th century to present3
Eugene GenoveseG.A. CohenGeorges Sorel1847–1922
Mutualism19th century to present1
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon1809–1865
Political TheologyAncient to present7
Gustavo GutiérrezLeo Tolstoy1828–1910Oscar RomeroDorothy Day1897–1980Walter Rauschenbusch1861–1918Reinhold Niebuhr1892–1971Martin Luther King Jr.1929–1968
Catholic Political ThoughtMedieval to present2
Peter MaurinG.K. Chesterton1874–1936
Critical Theory20th century4
Jürgen Habermas1929–2026Paul PicconeW.E.B. Du Bois1868–1963Karl Marx1818–1883
Critique of Modernity19th century to present4
Christopher Lasch1932–1994Simone Weil1909–1943Thomas Carlyle1795–1881George Orwell1903–1950
Dialectical Philosophy19th century to present1
G.W.F. Hegel1770–1831
History of Ideas20th century to present1
E.P. Thompson1924–1993
Liberal Political Thought19th-20th century3
Albert Einstein1879–1955Jawaharlal Nehru1889–1964John Rawls1921–2002
MaterialismAncient to present2
Peter Kropotkin1842–1921Friedrich Engels1820–1895
Natural LawAncient to present1
Abraham Lincoln1809–1865
Philosophical RadicalismEarly 19th century1
Henry George1839–1897
Philosophy of History18th century to present2
Augustine of Hippo354–430Antonio Gramsci1891–1937
Political Economy18th century to present5
John Maynard Keynes1883–1946John Kenneth Galbraith1908–2006Michael Harrington1928–1989Thorstein Veblen1857–1929Rosa Luxemburg1871–1919
Political PhilosophyAncient to present2
Thomas More1478–1535Mahatma Gandhi1869–1948
RepublicanismAncient to present2
Golda Meir1898–1978Thomas Paine1737–1809
Romantic Political Thought18th-19th century1
Jean-Jacques Rousseau1712–1778
Scholasticism12th-15th century1
Thomas Aquinas1225–1274
Nationalist25
Anti-Colonial Thought19th century to present2
Patrice Lumumba1925–1961Thomas Sankara1949–1987
Fascism20th century to present1
Julius Evola
Political Economy18th century to present5
Dean BakerHa-Joon ChangIndira Gandhi1917–1984Paul CollierWolfgang Streeck
Political SociologyLate 19th century to present3
Frank SalterJohn JudisRoberto Michels1876–1936
Comparative Politics18th century to present2
Ivan KrastevSamuel Huntington1927–2008
Conservatism18th century to present1
Ryszard Legutko
Critique of Modernity19th century to present2
Christopher Lasch1932–1994Oswald Spengler1880–1936
History of Ideas20th century to present1
E.P. Thompson1924–1993
Marxism19th century to present1
Georges Sorel1847–1922
Political RealismRenaissance to present4
Otto von Bismarck1815–1898Gaetano Mosca1858–1941James Burnham1905–1987Vilfredo Pareto1848–1923
RepublicanismAncient to present2
Andrew Jackson1767–1845Mustafa Kemal Atatürk1881–1938
Other figures1

Not yet placed in a tradition — reachable here, by role, and by search.

Charlie Kirk
Statist36
Fascism20th century to present4
Adolf Hitler1889–1945Benito Mussolini1883–1945Francisco Franco1892–1975Giovanni Gentile
Marxism19th century to present9
Che Guevara1928–1967Domenico LosurdoFidel Castro1926–2016Ho Chi Minh1890–1969Joseph Stalin1878–1953Louis AlthusserMao Zedong1893–1976Pol Pot1925–1998Georges Sorel1847–1922
PlatonismAncient to present1
Plato428–348 BCE
Political TheologyAncient to present1
Joseph de Maistre1753–1821
Aesthetic Philosophy18th century to present1
Friedrich Nietzsche1844–1900
Chicago School EconomicsMid-20th century to present1
Augusto Pinochet1915–2006
Critical Theory20th century1
Karl Marx1818–1883
Critique of Modernity19th century to present4
Nick LandOswald Spengler1880–1936Thomas Carlyle1795–1881Carl Schmitt1888–1985
Dialectical Philosophy19th century to present1
G.W.F. Hegel1770–1831
MaterialismAncient to present1
Thomas Hobbes1588–1679
Moral PhilosophyAncient to present1
Arthur Schopenhauer1788–1860
Philosophy of History18th century to present1
Antonio Gramsci1891–1937
Political PhilosophyAncient to present1
Vladimir Lenin1870–1924
Political RealismRenaissance to present6
Dominic CummingsLee Kuan YewNapoleon Bonaparte1769–1821Gaetano Mosca1858–1941James Burnham1905–1987Vilfredo Pareto1848–1923
Political SociologyLate 19th century to present1
Roberto Michels1876–1936
Renaissance Humanism14th-16th century1
Niccolò Machiavelli1469–1527
Romantic Political Thought18th-19th century1
Jean-Jacques Rousseau1712–1778
Liberal72
Chicago School EconomicsMid-20th century to present1
Milton Friedman1912–2006
Liberal Political Thought19th-20th century10
Cass SunsteinEleanor Roosevelt1884–1962Franklin D. Roosevelt1882–1945Harry Truman1884–1972John Rawls1921–2002Joseph NyeLyndon B. Johnson1908–1973Ralf DahrendorfWilliam Gladstone1809–1898Karl Popper1902–1994
Political Economy18th century to present4
John Maynard Keynes1883–1946Herbert Spencer1820–1903John Kenneth Galbraith1908–2006Michael Harrington1928–1989
Austrian School EconomicsLate 19th century to present2
Friedrich Hayek1899–1992Ludwig von Mises1881–1973
British IdealismLate 19th-early 20th century1
Michael Oakeshott1901–1990
Classical Liberalism17th-19th century3
Booker T. Washington1856–1915Calvin Coolidge1872–1933Margaret Thatcher1925–2013
Comparative Politics18th century to present2
Alexis de Tocqueville1805–1859Charles de Montesquieu1689–1755
Conservatism18th century to present2
Barry Goldwater1909–1998Ronald Reagan1911–2004
Critical Theory20th century2
Jürgen Habermas1929–2026W.E.B. Du Bois1868–1963
Critique of Modernity19th century to present4
Ayn Rand1905–1982Michel Foucault1926–1984Simone de Beauvoir1908–1986Max Weber1864–1920
Democratic Socialism19th century to present1
Eduard Bernstein1850–1932
Deontological Ethics18th century to present1
Immanuel Kant1724–1804
Dialectical Philosophy19th century to present1
G.W.F. Hegel1770–1831
Empiricism17th-18th century1
John Locke1632–1704
Enlightenment Philosophy18th century2
Benjamin Franklin1706–1790Montesquieu1689–1755
History of Ideas20th century to present2
Isaiah Berlin1909–1997René Descartes1596–1650
Liberal Feminism18th century to present2
Harriet Taylor Mill1807–1858Mary Wollstonecraft1759–1797
Market Anarchism20th century to present2
Lysander Spooner1808–1887Murray Rothbard1926–1995
MaterialismAncient to present1
Thomas Hobbes1588–1679
Moral PhilosophyAncient to present1
Adam Smith1723–1790
Natural LawAncient to present2
Frederick Douglass1818–1895Marcus Tullius Cicero106–43 BCE
Phenomenology20th century1
Hannah Arendt1906–1975
Philosophical RadicalismEarly 19th century4
Frédéric Bastiat1801–1850Henry George1839–1897Jeremy Bentham1748–1832James Mill1773–1836
Philosophy of History18th century to present1
John Dewey1859–1952
Political PhilosophyAncient to present1
Robert Nozick1938–2002
Political RealismRenaissance to present1
Raymond Aron1905–1983
Political SociologyLate 19th century to present1
Walter Lippmann1889–1974
Political TheologyAncient to present3
John Calvin1509–1564Baruch Spinoza1632–1677Hugo Grotius1583–1645
PragmatismLate 19th century to present2
Charles Sanders Peirce1839–1914Richard Rorty1931–2007
Renaissance Humanism14th-16th century1
Niccolò Machiavelli1469–1527
RepublicanismAncient to present6
George Washington1732–1799James Madison1751–1836John Adams1735–1826Simón Bolívar1783–1830Thomas Jefferson1743–1826Thomas Paine1737–1809
Romantic Political Thought18th-19th century1
Jean-Jacques Rousseau1712–1778
SkepticismAncient to present2
Voltaire1694–1778David Hume1711–1776
Utilitarianism18th-19th century1
John Stuart Mill1806–1873
Centrist54
Existentialism19th-20th century1
Albert Camus1913–1960
Liberal Political Thought19th-20th century6
Amy GutmannArthur Schlesinger Jr.John F. Kennedy1917–1963Judith ShklarStephen BreyerKarl Popper1902–1994
PragmatismLate 19th century to present2
Charles Sanders Peirce1839–1914Richard Rorty1931–2007
Aesthetic Philosophy18th century to present1
Friedrich Nietzsche1844–1900
Ancient Philosophy6th century BCE to 6th century CE2
Socrates470–399 BCEMarcus Aurelius121–180
British IdealismLate 19th-early 20th century1
Michael Oakeshott1901–1990
CommunitarianismLate 20th century to present1
Michael Walzer
Comparative Politics18th century to present2
Samuel Huntington1927–2008Alexis de Tocqueville1805–1859
Critical Theory20th century1
Jürgen Habermas1929–2026
Critique of Modernity19th century to present11
Czesław MiłoszHenry David Thoreau1817–1862Martin Heidegger1889–1976Michel Foucault1926–1984Simone de Beauvoir1908–1986George Orwell1903–1950Emma Goldman1869–1940Leo Strauss1899–1973Max Stirner1806–1856Max Weber1864–1920Søren Kierkegaard1813–1855
Deontological Ethics18th century to present1
Immanuel Kant1724–1804
Enlightenment Philosophy18th century1
Montesquieu1689–1755
History of Ideas20th century to present3
Leszek KołakowskiIsaiah Berlin1909–1997René Descartes1596–1650
MaterialismAncient to present1
Peter Kropotkin1842–1921
Moral PhilosophyAncient to present2
Arthur Schopenhauer1788–1860Bertrand Russell1872–1970
Phenomenology20th century1
Hannah Arendt1906–1975
Philosophy of History18th century to present2
José Ortega y Gasset1883–1955Antonio Gramsci1891–1937
PlatonismAncient to present1
Plato428–348 BCE
Political Economy18th century to present1
Thorstein Veblen1857–1929
Political RealismRenaissance to present3
Gaetano Mosca1858–1941Raymond Aron1905–1983Vilfredo Pareto1848–1923
Political SociologyLate 19th century to present3
Daniel BellRoberto Michels1876–1936Walter Lippmann1889–1974
Political TheologyAncient to present2
Reinhold Niebuhr1892–1971Baruch Spinoza1632–1677
Renaissance Humanism14th-16th century1
Niccolò Machiavelli1469–1527
SkepticismAncient to present2
Voltaire1694–1778David Hume1711–1776
Other figures2

Not yet placed in a tradition — reachable here, by role, and by search.

Daniel KahnemanJoe Lieberman
Unaligned8

In the library but not yet cited by a Political DNA archetype.

Ancient Philosophy6th century BCE to 6th century CE2
Epictetus50–135Seneca4–65
Critique of Modernity19th century to present1
Aldous Huxley1894–1963
Enlightenment Philosophy18th century2
Catherine the Great1729–1796Frederick the Great1712–1786
Political TheologyAncient to present1
Oliver Cromwell1599–1658
Other figures2

Not yet placed in a tradition — reachable here, by role, and by search.

Cleopatra69–30 BCEElizabeth I1533–1603
Voices today214 living

The living writers, politicians, and public figures the archetypes draw on today — grouped by the family whose archetypes cite them. Association, not endorsement: a figure appears wherever the archetypes reference them, and is reachable by role and search like everyone else.

Libertarian32
Alex NowrastehBrink LindseyBryan Caplan1971–Charles JohnsonConor Friedersdorf1980–Dave Smith1983–Deirdre McCloskey1942–Gary Chartier1966–Glenn Greenwald1967–Hans-Hermann Hoppe1949–Jacob Sullum1965–Jason Brennan1979–Jeff DeistJohn Mackey1953–Keith KnightKevin Carson1963–Kmele Foster1980–Lew Rockwell1944–Loren LomaskyMatt ZwolinskiMichael Malice1976–Robby Soave1988–Roderick Long1964–Ron Paul1935–Saifedean Ammous1980–Sarah Haider1991–Scott Horton1976–Sheldon Richman1949–Tom Woods1972–Tyler Cowen1962–Virginia Postrel1960–Will Wilkinson1973–
Conservative51
Adrian Vermeule1968–Albert Mohler1959–Ben Shapiro1984–Bill Kauffman1959–Bill Kristol1952–Blake Masters1986–Charles Taylor1931–Christopher Rufo1984–David French1969–David Frum1960–David Sacks1972–Francis Fukuyama1952–George Will1941–Henry OlsenJ.D. Vance1984–Joe Manchin1947–John Bolton1948–John Fetterman1969–Jonah Goldberg1969–Jonathan Haidt1963–Josh Hawley1979–Josh Shapiro1973–Julius Krein1986–Larry Hogan1956–Laura Ingraham1963–Liz Cheney1966–Marco Rubio1971–Matthew Crawford1965–Max Boot1969–Michael Brendan DoughertyMichael Sandel1953–Mitt Romney1947–Oren Cass1983–Patrick Deneen1964–Philip Blond1966–Ramesh Ponnuru1974–Reihan Salam1979–Robert George1955–Robert Kagan1958–Rod Dreher1967–Ross Douthat1979–Rusty Reno1959–Ryan T. Anderson1981–Sherrod Brown1952–Sohrab Ahmari1985–Tim Walz1964–Timothy Dolan1950–Vivek Ramaswamy1985–Wendell Berry1934–Yoram Hazony1964–Yuval Levin1977–
Progressive37
Alexander Soros1985–Amartya Sen1933–Angela Nagle1984–Batya Ungar-Sargon1981–Ben Burgis1980–Chantal Mouffe1943–David Goodhart1956–Derek Thompson1986–Elizabeth Warren1949–George Soros1930–Jason CrawfordJean-Claude Michéa1950–Joseph Stiglitz1943–Kate Raworth1970–Klaus Schwab1938–Larry Fink1952–Laurene Powell Jobs1963–Marc Benioff1964–Martha Nussbaum1947–Matt Ridley1958–Maurice Glasman1961–Max More1964–Mehdi Hasan1979–Melinda French Gates1964–Michael Lind1962–Nick Bostrom1973–Noah SmithPatrick Collison1988–Pramila Jayapal1965–Rebecca Henderson1960–Reed Hastings1960–Robert Reich1946–Sam Altman1985–Steven Pinker1954–Ta-Nehisi Coates1975–Thomas Frank1965–Thomas Piketty1971–
Socialist21
Adolph Reed Jr.1947–Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez1989–Amartya Sen1933–Amber A'Lee FrostBernie Sanders1941–Bhaskar Sunkara1989–Chris Hedges1956–Cornel West1953–Gar Alperovitz1936–Hasan Piker1991–Jim Wallis1948–Matt Bruenig1988–Michael Tracey1988–Natalie Wynn1988–Nathan Schneider1984–Paul EmberyRev. William Barber II1963–Richard Wolff1942–Shane Claiborne1975–Sister Simone Campbell1945–Yanis Varoufakis1961–
Nationalist20
Anna Khachiyan1985–Batya Ungar-Sargon1981–Christopher Caldwell1962–Dasha Nekrasova1991–David Goodhart1956–Eric Kaufmann1970–Geert Wilders1963–Giorgia Meloni1977–Krystal Ball1981–Marine Le Pen1968–Matteo Salvini1973–Michael Anton1969–Nick Fuentes1998–Patrick Buchanan1938–Robert Kuttner1943–Sahra Wagenknecht1969–Stephen Miller1985–Steve Bannon1953–Tucker Carlson1969–Viktor Orbán1963–
Statist17
Alex Karp1967–Bronze Age Pervert1980–Caleb Maupin1988–Curtis Yarvin1973–Elon Musk1971–Eric Schmidt1955–Infrared (Haz)1996–Jack Posobiec1984–Jackson Hinkle1999–Larry Ellison1944–Marc Andreessen1971–Nayib Bukele1981–Palmer Luckey1992–Paul Cockshott1952–Peter Thiel1967–Rodrigo Duterte1945–Sebastian Gorka1970–
Liberal25
Amartya Sen1933–Anne-Marie Slaughter1958–Barack Obama1961–Charles Koch1935–Charles Taylor1931–Christine Lagarde1956–Destiny (Steven Bonnell)1988–E.J. Dionne1952–Emmanuel Macron1977–Ezra Klein1984–Francis Fukuyama1952–Jagdish Bhagwati1934–Janet Yellen1946–Joe Lonsdale1982–Johan Norberg1973–Larry Summers1954–Martha Nussbaum1947–Matt Yglesias1981–Megan McArdle1973–Michael Sandel1953–Niall Ferguson1964–Pete Buttigieg1982–Thomas Friedman1953–Tony Blair1953–Yascha Mounk1982–
Centrist24
Amy Klobuchar1960–Andrew Sullivan1963–Andrew Yang1975–Angus King1944–Bari Weiss1984–Charles Taylor1931–Francis Fukuyama1952–Gavin Newsom1967–Gretchen Whitmer1971–Hakeem Jeffries1970–Joe Rogan1967–Jonathan Haidt1963–Lisa Murkowski1957–Martha Nussbaum1947–Matt Taibbi1970–Michael Bloomberg1942–Michael Sandel1953–Nancy Pelosi1940–Nassim Taleb1960–Philip Tetlock1954–Robin Hanson1959–Sam Harris1967–Scott Alexander1984–Thomas Sowell1930–
Browse all 464 thinkers · 59 traditions A–Z
Infrared (Haz)1996–John Adams1735–1826Sohrab Ahmari1985–Scott Alexander1984–Gar Alperovitz1936–Louis AlthusserSam Altman1985–Saifedean Ammous1980–Ryan T. Anderson1981–Marc Andreessen1971–Susan B. Anthony1820–1906Michael Anton1969–Thomas Aquinas1225–1274Hannah Arendt1906–1975Aristotle384–322 BCERaymond Aron1905–1983Mustafa Kemal Atatürk1881–1938Augustine of Hippo354–430Dean BakerKrystal Ball1981–Steve Bannon1953–Rev. William Barber II1963–Frédéric Bastiat1801–1850Simone de Beauvoir1908–1986Daniel BellMarc Benioff1964–Jeremy Bentham1748–1832Isaiah Berlin1909–1997Eduard Bernstein1850–1932Wendell Berry1934–Jagdish Bhagwati1934–Otto von Bismarck1815–1898Tony Blair1953–Philip Blond1966–Michael Bloomberg1942–Simón Bolívar1783–1830John Bolton1948–Napoleon Bonaparte1769–1821Destiny (Steven Bonnell)1988–Max Boot1969–Nick Bostrom1973–Jason Brennan1979–Stephen BreyerSherrod Brown1952–Matt Bruenig1988–Patrick Buchanan1938–William F. Buckley Jr.1925–2008Nayib Bukele1981–Ben Burgis1980–Edmund Burke1729–1797James Burnham1905–1987Pete Buttigieg1982–Christopher Caldwell1962–John Calvin1509–1564Sister Simone Campbell1945–Albert Camus1913–1960Bryan Caplan1971–Tucker Carlson1969–Thomas Carlyle1795–1881Kevin Carson1963–Oren Cass1983–Fidel Castro1926–2016Ha-Joon ChangGary Chartier1966–César Chávez1927–1993Liz Cheney1966–G.K. Chesterton1874–1936Winston Churchill1874–1965Marcus Tullius Cicero106–43 BCEShane Claiborne1975–Cleopatra69–30 BCEVoltairine de CleyreTa-Nehisi Coates1975–Paul Cockshott1952–G.A. CohenPaul CollierPatrick Collison1988–Confucius551–479 BCECalvin Coolidge1872–1933Tyler Cowen1962–Jason CrawfordMatthew Crawford1965–Oliver Cromwell1599–1658Dominic CummingsRalf DahrendorfJefferson Davis1808–1889Dorothy Day1897–1980Eugene V. Debs1855–1926Jeff DeistPatrick Deneen1964–René Descartes1596–1650John Dewey1859–1952Gottfried DietzeE.J. Dionne1952–Benjamin Disraeli1804–1881Timothy Dolan1950–Fyodor Dostoevsky1821–1881Michael Brendan DoughertyFrederick Douglass1818–1895Ross Douthat1979–Rod Dreher1967–Peter DruckerW.E.B. Du Bois1868–1963Rodrigo Duterte1945–Albert Einstein1879–1955Dwight D. Eisenhower1890–1969Larry Ellison1944–Paul EmberyFriedrich Engels1820–1895Epictetus50–135Julius EvolaMartin FeldsteinNiall Ferguson1964–John Fetterman1969–Larry Fink1952–Kmele Foster1980–Michel Foucault1926–1984Samuel FrancisFrancisco Franco1892–1975Thomas Frank1965–Benjamin Franklin1706–1790David French1969–Conor Friedersdorf1980–David FriedmanMilton Friedman1912–2006Thomas Friedman1953–Amber A'Lee FrostDavid Frum1960–Nick Fuentes1998–Francis Fukuyama1952–Buckminster FullerJohn Kenneth Galbraith1908–2006Indira Gandhi1917–1984Mahatma Gandhi1869–1948Melinda French Gates1964–Charles de Gaulle1890–1970Eugene GenoveseGiovanni GentileHenry George1839–1897Robert George1955–William Gladstone1809–1898Maurice Glasman1961–William Godwin1756–1836Jonah Goldberg1969–Emma Goldman1869–1940Barry Goldwater1909–1998David Goodhart1956–Sebastian Gorka1970–Paul GottfriedAntonio Gramsci1891–1937Catherine the Great1729–1796Frederick the Great1712–1786Glenn Greenwald1967–Hugo Grotius1583–1645Che Guevara1928–1967Gustavo GutiérrezAmy GutmannJürgen Habermas1929–2026Sarah Haider1991–Jonathan Haidt1963–Stuart HallAlexander Hamilton1755–1804Robin Hanson1959–Michael Harrington1928–1989Sam Harris1967–Mehdi Hasan1979–Reed Hastings1960–Josh Hawley1979–Friedrich Hayek1899–1992Yoram Hazony1964–Chris Hedges1956–G.W.F. Hegel1770–1831Martin Heidegger1889–1976Rebecca Henderson1960–Patrick Henry1736–1799Karl HessJackson Hinkle1999–Adolf Hitler1889–1945Thomas Hobbes1588–1679Eric HobsbawmLarry Hogan1956–Hans-Hermann Hoppe1949–Scott Horton1976–Branko HorvatWilhelm von HumboldtDavid Hume1711–1776Hubert HumphreySamuel Huntington1927–2008Aldous Huxley1894–1963Elizabeth I1533–1603Laura Ingraham1963–Andrew Jackson1767–1845Harry JaffaPramila Jayapal1965–Thomas Jefferson1743–1826Hakeem Jeffries1970–Laurene Powell Jobs1963–Charles JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson1908–1973John JudisTony JudtRobert Kagan1958–Daniel KahnemanImmanuel Kant1724–1804Alex Karp1967–Bill Kauffman1959–Eric Kaufmann1970–John F. Kennedy1917–1963Robert F. Kennedy Sr.John Maynard Keynes1883–1946Anna Khachiyan1985–Ayatollah Khomeini1902–1989Søren Kierkegaard1813–1855Angus King1944–Martin Luther King Jr.1929–1968Charlie KirkRussell Kirk1918–1994Ezra Klein1984–Amy Klobuchar1960–Keith KnightCharles Koch1935–Leszek KołakowskiSamuel Edward Konkin IIIIvan KrastevCharles KrauthammerJulius Krein1986–Bill Kristol1952–Irving Kristol1920–2009Peter Kropotkin1842–1921Robert Kuttner1943–Christine Lagarde1956–Nick LandOskar LangeChristopher Lasch1932–1994Ryszard LegutkoVladimir Lenin1870–1924Yuval Levin1977–C.S. Lewis1898–1963Joe LiebermanAbraham Lincoln1809–1865Michael Lind1962–Brink LindseyWalter Lippmann1889–1974John Locke1632–1704Loren LomaskyRoderick Long1964–Joe Lonsdale1982–Domenico LosurdoPalmer Luckey1992–Patrice Lumumba1925–1961Martin Luther1483–1546Rosa Luxemburg1871–1919Niccolò Machiavelli1469–1527Alasdair MacIntyre1929–2025John Mackey1953–Emmanuel Macron1977–James Madison1751–1836Joseph de Maistre1753–1821Michael Malice1976–Joe Manchin1947–Nelson Mandela1918–2013Marcus Aurelius121–180Karl Marx1818–1883Blake Masters1986–Caleb Maupin1988–Peter MaurinMegan McArdle1973–Deirdre McCloskey1942–Golda Meir1898–1978Giorgia Meloni1977–Jean-Claude Michéa1950–Roberto Michels1876–1936Harriet Taylor Mill1807–1858James Mill1773–1836John Stuart Mill1806–1873Stephen Miller1985–C. Wright MillsCzesław MiłoszHo Chi Minh1890–1969Marvin MinskyLudwig von Mises1881–1973Albert Mohler1959–Montesquieu1689–1755Charles de Montesquieu1689–1755Max More1964–Thomas More1478–1535Gaetano Mosca1858–1941Chantal Mouffe1943–Yascha Mounk1982–Daniel Patrick MoynihanLisa Murkowski1957–Elon Musk1971–Benito Mussolini1883–1945Angela Nagle1984–Jawaharlal Nehru1889–1964Dasha Nekrasova1991–Richard John NeuhausGavin Newsom1967–Reinhold Niebuhr1892–1971Friedrich Nietzsche1844–1900Robert NisbetJohan Norberg1973–Alex NowrastehRobert Nozick1938–2002Martha Nussbaum1947–Joseph NyeMichael Oakeshott1901–1990Barack Obama1961–Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez1989–Henry OlsenViktor Orbán1963–José Ortega y Gasset1883–1955George Orwell1903–1950Thomas Paine1737–1809Vilfredo Pareto1848–1923Rosa Parks1913–2005Ron Paul1935–Charles Sanders Peirce1839–1914Nancy Pelosi1940–Marine Le Pen1968–Bronze Age Pervert1980–Paul PicconeHasan Piker1991–Thomas Piketty1971–Steven Pinker1954–Augusto Pinochet1915–2006Plato428–348 BCENorman PodhoretzRamesh Ponnuru1974–Karl Popper1902–1994Jack Posobiec1984–Virginia Postrel1960–Pol Pot1925–1998C.K. PrahaladPierre-Joseph Proudhon1809–1865Justin RaimondoVivek Ramaswamy1985–Ayn Rand1905–1982Walter Rauschenbusch1861–1918John Rawls1921–2002Kate Raworth1970–Ronald Reagan1911–2004Adolph Reed Jr.1947–Robert Reich1946–Rusty Reno1959–Sheldon Richman1949–Matt Ridley1958–Lew Rockwell1944–John RoemerJoe Rogan1967–Oscar RomeroMitt Romney1947–Eleanor Roosevelt1884–1962Franklin D. Roosevelt1882–1945Theodore Roosevelt1858–1919Wilhelm RöpkeRichard Rorty1931–2007Murray Rothbard1926–1995Jean-Jacques Rousseau1712–1778Marco Rubio1971–Christopher Rufo1984–Bertrand Russell1872–1970David Sacks1972–Carl SaganReihan Salam1979–Frank SalterMatteo Salvini1973–Michael Sandel1953–Bernie Sanders1941–Thomas Sankara1949–1987Arthur Schlesinger Jr.Eric Schmidt1955–Carl Schmitt1888–1985Nathan Schneider1984–Arthur Schopenhauer1788–1860Klaus Schwab1938–David SchweickartRoger Scruton1944–2020Amartya Sen1933–Seneca4–65Ben Shapiro1984–Josh Shapiro1973–Judith ShklarJulian SimonAnne-Marie Slaughter1958–Adam Smith1723–1790Dave Smith1983–Noah SmithRobby Soave1988–Socrates470–399 BCEGeorges Sorel1847–1922Alexander Soros1985–George Soros1930–Thomas Sowell1930–Herbert Spencer1820–1903Oswald Spengler1880–1936Baruch Spinoza1632–1677Lysander Spooner1808–1887Joseph Stalin1878–1953Joseph Stiglitz1943–Max Stirner1806–1856Leo Strauss1899–1973Wolfgang StreeckAndrew Sullivan1963–Jacob Sullum1965–Larry Summers1954–Bhaskar Sunkara1989–Cass SunsteinMatt Taibbi1970–Nassim Taleb1960–Charles Taylor1931–Philip Tetlock1954–Margaret Thatcher1925–2013Peter Thiel1967–Derek Thompson1986–E.P. Thompson1924–1993Henry David Thoreau1817–1862Alexis de Tocqueville1805–1859Leo Tolstoy1828–1910Michael Tracey1988–Harry Truman1884–1972Harriet Tubman1822–1913Benjamin TuckerBatya Ungar-Sargon1981–J.D. Vance1984–Jaroslav VanekYanis Varoufakis1961–Thorstein Veblen1857–1929Adrian Vermeule1968–Peter ViereckEric Voegelin1901–1985Voltaire1694–1778Sahra Wagenknecht1969–Jim Wallis1948–Tim Walz1964–Michael WalzerElizabeth Warren1949–Booker T. Washington1856–1915George Washington1732–1799Max Weber1864–1920Simone Weil1909–1943Bari Weiss1984–Cornel West1953–Gretchen Whitmer1971–Norbert WienerGeert Wilders1963–Will Wilkinson1973–George Will1941–Clyde WilsonJames Q. WilsonWoodrow Wilson1856–1924Richard Wolff1942–Mary Wollstonecraft1759–1797Tom Woods1972–Natalie Wynn1988–Malcolm X1925–1965Andrew Yang1975–Curtis Yarvin1973–Janet Yellen1946–Lee Kuan YewMatt Yglesias1981–Mao Zedong1893–1976Howard ZinnMatt Zwolinski