Intellectual lineage

Traditions

The 92 traditions.

The schools of thought the archetypes descend from — the shared foundations beneath every family, and the family-specific branches that grew from them.

Foundations30 cross-cutting

The shared roots every family descends from — the cross-cutting traditions of thought that run beneath the political branches, each opening to the figures who call it home.

Aesthetic Philosophy18th century to present0
Aristotelianism4th century BC, revived repeatedly0
British IdealismLate 19th-early 20th century1
T.H. Green1836–1882
Classical Republicanism5th century BC to 2nd century AD0
Comparative Politics18th century to present1
Ivan Krastev
Deontological Ethics18th century to present1
Immanuel Kant1724–1804
Dialectical Philosophy19th century to present0
Empiricism17th-18th century0
Enlightenment Philosophy18th century5
Benjamin Franklin1706–1790Carl SaganCatherine the Great1729–1796Frederick the Great1712–1786Marquis de Condorcet1743–1794
Epicureanism4th century BC to 2nd century AD, revived 17th century0
German IdealismLate 18th-early 19th century0
Greek Philosophy6th to 4th century BC1
Socrates470–399 BCE
History of Ideas20th century to present1
Leszek Kołakowski
Legal Positivism19th century to present0
Legal Reform18th-19th century1
Cesare Beccaria1738–1794
MaterialismAncient to present1
Marvin Minsky
Moral PhilosophyAncient to present1
Arthur Schopenhauer1788–1860
Phenomenology20th century0
Philosophy of History18th century to present1
Ibn Khaldun1332–1406
Political IdealismAncient to present1
Buckminster Fuller
Political PhilosophyAncient to present2
Mahatma Gandhi1869–1948Thomas More1478–1535
Political RhetoricClassical to present0
Rationalism17th-18th century1
René Descartes1596–1650
Renaissance Humanism14th-16th century0
RepublicanismAncient to present12
Andrew Jackson1767–1845Charles de Gaulle1890–1970George Washington1732–1799Giuseppe Mazzini1805–1872Hannah Arendt1906–1975Henry Clay1777–1852John Adams1735–1826John C. Calhoun1782–1850Maximilien Robespierre1758–1794Mustafa Kemal Atatürk1881–1938Patrick Henry1736–1799Simón Bolívar1783–1830
Scholasticism12th-15th century3
Averroes1126–1198Avicenna980–1037Maimonides1138–1204
SkepticismAncient to present2
Christopher Hitchens1949–2011H.L. Mencken1880–1956
Social Contract Theory17th-18th century, revived 20th century0
Stoicism3rd century BC to 3rd century AD0
Value Pluralism20th century to present0
By family8 families

The branches each political family draws on directly. A tradition cited by more than one family appears under each — nothing here is orphaned.

Libertarian

11
Austrian School EconomicsLate 19th century to presentChicago School EconomicsMid-20th century to presentClassical Liberalism17th-19th centuryIndividualist Anarchism19th century to presentLibertarianism20th century to presentMarket Anarchism20th century to presentObjectivismMid-20th century to presentPhysiocracy18th centuryPublic ChoiceMid-20th century to presentScottish Enlightenment18th centurySocial Anarchism19th century to present

Conservative

14
Catholic Political ThoughtMedieval to presentChristian Democracy19th century to presentClassical Islamic Political Philosophy9th to 12th centuryClassical Natural LawAncient to 16th centuryConfucianism6th century BC to presentConservatism18th century to presentCritique of Modernity19th century to presentDistributism20th century to presentLiberal Political Thought19th-20th centuryModern Islamic Political Thought20th century to presentNatural LawAncient to presentNeoconservatismMid-20th century to presentPolitical RealismRenaissance to presentRomantic Political Thought18th-19th century

Progressive

18
Anti-Colonial Thought19th century to presentBlack Political Thought19th century to presentCapabilities ApproachLate 20th century to presentCommunitarianismLate 20th century to presentCritical Theory20th centuryDemocratic Socialism19th century to presentGreen Political Thought20th century to presentKeynesianism20th century to presentLiberal Feminism18th century to presentMarxism19th century to presentPhilosophical RadicalismEarly 19th centuryPostcolonial TheoryLate 20th century to presentPostmodernismMid-20th century to presentPragmatismLate 19th century to presentProgressivismLate 19th century to presentRadical FeminismLate 20th century to presentSocial Democracy20th century to presentUtilitarianism18th-19th century

Socialist

10
Anti-Colonial Thought19th century to presentDemocratic Socialism19th century to presentLiberation Theology20th century to presentMarxism19th century to presentMutualism19th century to presentPolitical TheologyAncient to presentSocial Anarchism19th century to presentSocial Democracy20th century to presentSyndicalismLate 19th to early 20th centuryUtopian SocialismEarly 19th century

Nationalist

9
Anti-Colonial Thought19th century to presentCivil Society18th century to presentFascism20th century to presentMercantilism16th to 18th centuryNationalism18th century to presentPolitical Economy18th century to presentPolitical SociologyLate 19th century to presentPopulism19th century to presentZionism19th century to present

Statist

4
Fascism20th century to presentMarxism19th century to presentPlatonismAncient to presentPolitical TheologyAncient to present

Liberal

5
Chicago School EconomicsMid-20th century to presentLiberal Political Thought19th-20th centuryMulticulturalismLate 20th century to presentPolitical Economy18th century to presentSpontaneous Order18th century to present

Centrist

5
Existentialism19th-20th centuryLiberal Political Thought19th-20th centuryOrdoliberalism20th century to presentPositivism19th century to presentPragmatismLate 19th century to present