[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-stoicism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":8,"name":9},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":11,"name":12},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":14,"name":15},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":23,"name":24},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":35,"name":36},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":47,"name":48},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":50,"name":51},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":53,"name":54},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":56,"name":57},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":62,"name":63},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":65,"name":66},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":77,"name":78},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":98,"name":99},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":149,"sharedArchetypes":150,"relOut":159,"relIn":168},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},511,"stoicism","Stoicism","That there is one rational order governing the world, that every human being shares in it, and that a law grounded in nature therefore binds every ruler and covers every person.","Stoicism began as a philosophy of private endurance and became the most politically consequential school of antiquity, largely by accident of what Rome did with it.\n\nZeno founded it in Athens around 300 BC, teaching in a painted colonnade that gave the school its name. Its physics held that the cosmos is ordered throughout by an immanent rational principle, the logos, and its ethics followed: to live well is to live in agreement with that order, which means distinguishing what is in our power from what is not and caring only about the former. Virtue is the sole good; everything else, including health, wealth and life itself, is indifferent.\n\nTwo political consequences follow, and they are the reason the school matters here. If reason is universal, then every human being possesses it, which makes the wise slave the equal of the foolish king and dissolves the natural standing of birth. And if the cosmos is governed by a law prior to any legislator, then human statutes are answerable to it. Cicero put both into Latin in De Legibus and De Re Publica: true law is right reason in agreement with nature, unalterable by senate or people, and the same in Rome and Athens.\n\nThat formulation passed into Roman jurisprudence as ius naturale, from there to Aquinas, and from Aquinas to Grotius, which is the pedigree of every later appeal to rights that hold whatever the law says. The Roman Stoa also produced its most-read texts, from a slave and an emperor: Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. Its standing political weakness is quietism, since a doctrine of accepting what one cannot change makes an accommodating subject as easily as a principled one.","3rd century BC to 3rd century AD",[109,121,130,139],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":118,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},63,"Ancient","Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero","Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman and defender of the Republic whose synthesis of Greek philosophy and Roman civic life became one of the most influential models of republican political thought in the West",-106,-43,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fcicero.webp",5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":113,"name":124,"slug":125,"one_line":126,"is_living":110,"birth_year":127,"death_year":128,"portrait_url":129,"sort_priority":120},668,"Seneca","seneca","Seneca was a Roman Stoic philosopher and statesman who preached virtue and detachment while amassing great wealth and steering Nero's early reign — a life more complicated than his philosophy",4,65,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fseneca.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":131},{"id":132,"era":113,"name":133,"slug":134,"one_line":135,"is_living":110,"birth_year":136,"death_year":137,"portrait_url":138,"sort_priority":120},672,"Epictetus","epictetus","Epictetus was a Stoic philosopher and former slave who taught that true freedom is internal — embodying Stoicism's radical egalitarianism, in which liberty depends on judgment rather than circumstance",50,135,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fepictetus.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":140},{"id":141,"era":113,"name":142,"slug":143,"one_line":144,"is_living":110,"birth_year":145,"death_year":146,"portrait_url":147,"sort_priority":148},337,"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius","Marcus Aurelius was Rome's Stoic philosopher-emperor, ruling the most powerful state in the world while writing a private journal on how to live well — the Meditations, among the most widely read texts in human history",121,180,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fmarcus-aurelius.webp",7,[],[151,153,155,156,157,158],{"archetype_slug":11,"shared_thinker_count":152},2,{"archetype_slug":98,"shared_thinker_count":154},1,{"archetype_slug":95,"shared_thinker_count":154},{"archetype_slug":86,"shared_thinker_count":154},{"archetype_slug":56,"shared_thinker_count":154},{"archetype_slug":47,"shared_thinker_count":154},[160],{"relation_type":161,"strength":162,"description":163,"traditions":164},"descends_from","foundational","Zeno came to Stoicism through the Cynics and the Socratic schools, and the founding claim that virtue is the only good is Socrates pressed to its limit.",{"name":165,"slug":166,"era_marker":167},"Greek Philosophy","ancient-philosophy","6th to 4th century BC",[169,175],{"relation_type":161,"strength":162,"description":170,"traditions":171},"The Stoic claim that one rational order governs the cosmos and binds every ruler is the source. Cicero put it into Latin, Roman jurisprudence made it ius naturale, and Aquinas inherited it in that form.",{"name":172,"slug":173,"era_marker":174},"Classical Natural Law","classical-natural-law","Ancient to 16th century",{"relation_type":161,"strength":176,"description":177,"traditions":178},"significant","Eighteenth-century moral philosophy was taught partly out of Cicero and Seneca, and Stoic self-command survives in Smith's impartial spectator.",{"name":179,"slug":180,"era_marker":181},"Moral Philosophy","moral-philosophy","Ancient to present"]