[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-radical-feminism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":17,"name":18},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":20,"name":21},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":23,"name":24},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":35,"name":36},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":38,"name":39},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":41,"name":42},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":147,"sharedArchetypes":148,"relOut":154,"relIn":182},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},501,"radical-feminism","Radical Feminism","That the subordination of women is not one inequality among others but the oldest and deepest, prior to class and race, and built into institutions liberal reform leaves standing.","Radical feminism is the current that refused to treat sex inequality as an unfinished piece of liberal business. Its claim is that patriarchy is a system in its own right — historically prior to capitalism, not reducible to it, and reproduced through institutions that formal equality leaves entirely intact.\n\nThe word radical means to the root. Where liberal feminism sought access — the vote, the professions, equal pay — radical feminists argued that a woman admitted to institutions built around a male life was being offered a place in someone else's arrangement. Millett's Sexual Politics (1970) made the case by reading power relations in the household and the bedroom as political rather than private, giving the movement its central slogan: the personal is political. Firestone, in The Dialectic of Sex (1970), took the argument to its limit, locating the root of subordination in reproduction itself and looking to technology to break the biological arrangement on which she thought every other hierarchy was modeled.\n\nMacKinnon turned it into law. Her argument is that inequality between the sexes is not chiefly a matter of irrational prejudice but of eroticized dominance, and that pornography and sexual harassment are practices of subordination rather than instances of expression. She built the legal category of sexual harassment more or less single-handedly, which makes her among the most practically consequential legal theorists of the century, and her attempt with Andrea Dworkin to make pornography actionable as a civil rights violation split feminism in the sex wars of the 1980s.\n\nIts own daughters were its sharpest critics. Black feminists including bell hooks and Kimberlé Crenshaw argued that a movement theorizing \"women\" as a unified class had generalized the position of white middle-class women and called it universal — the objection that produced intersectionality.","Late 20th century to present",[109,121,129,137],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":118,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1264,"Contemporary","Shulamith Firestone","shulamith-firestone","Located the root of women's subordination in reproduction itself, and looked to technology to break it.",1945,2012,null,5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":113,"name":124,"slug":125,"one_line":126,"is_living":110,"birth_year":127,"death_year":128,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1265,"Kate Millett","kate-millett","Made the case that relations between the sexes are political relations of power, giving the movement the phrase \"sexual politics\".",1934,2017,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":130},{"id":131,"era":113,"name":132,"slug":133,"one_line":134,"is_living":135,"birth_year":136,"death_year":119,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1266,"Catharine MacKinnon","catharine-mackinnon","Built sexual harassment law from feminist theory, arguing that inequality between the sexes operates through eroticized dominance.",true,1946,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":138},{"id":139,"era":140,"name":141,"slug":142,"one_line":143,"is_living":110,"birth_year":144,"death_year":145,"portrait_url":146,"sort_priority":120},153,"20th Century","Simone de Beauvoir","simone-de-beauvoir","Simone de Beauvoir was the French existentialist philosopher whose The Second Sex (1949) founded modern feminist theory, grounding women's liberation in the freedom to become rather than be",1908,1986,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fsimone-de-beauvoir.webp",[],[149,151,152,153],{"archetype_slug":68,"shared_thinker_count":150},1,{"archetype_slug":98,"shared_thinker_count":150},{"archetype_slug":11,"shared_thinker_count":150},{"archetype_slug":83,"shared_thinker_count":150},[155,163,170,176],{"relation_type":156,"strength":157,"description":158,"traditions":159},"descends_from","foundational","It inherits the demand for equality and rejects the strategy: a woman admitted to institutions built around a male life has been offered a place in someone else's arrangement.",{"name":160,"slug":161,"era_marker":162},"Liberal Feminism","liberal-feminism","18th century to present",{"relation_type":156,"strength":164,"description":165,"traditions":166},"significant","The method is materialist — locate the system, find its base — but the base is relocated from production to reproduction, and patriarchy is held to be prior to class rather than derived from it.",{"name":167,"slug":168,"era_marker":169},"Marxism","marxism","19th century to present",{"relation_type":156,"strength":157,"description":171,"traditions":172},"The Second Sex supplies the founding analysis: woman as constituted the Other against an unmarked male subject, and femininity as something made rather than given.",{"name":173,"slug":174,"era_marker":175},"Existentialism","existentialism","19th-20th century",{"relation_type":177,"strength":164,"description":178,"traditions":179},"reacts_against","Its own daughters' objection: theorizing \"women\" as a unified class generalized the position of white middle-class women and called it universal, which is the criticism that produced intersectionality.",{"name":180,"slug":181,"era_marker":169},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",[]]