[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-postmodernism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":17,"name":18},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":20,"name":21},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":23,"name":24},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":35,"name":36},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":38,"name":39},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":41,"name":42},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":173,"sharedArchetypes":174,"relOut":183,"relIn":216},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},499,"postmodernism","Postmodernism","That the grand stories the West told about reason, progress and human nature are neither neutral nor innocent — they are constructions, and they organize power.","Postmodernism is a label mostly applied from outside, and the figures gathered under it would have rejected both the term and each other. What they share is a target: the idea that beneath history there is a stable subject, a neutral reason, and a direction of travel.\n\nLyotard gave the movement its slogan by defining the postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives — the great legitimating stories of emancipation through reason or through revolution — and arguing that knowledge after them fragments into local language games with no master rule to adjudicate between them. Derrida's deconstruction worked on the texts themselves, showing that the oppositions Western philosophy rests on (speech over writing, presence over absence, nature over culture) are neither stable nor innocent, and that meaning defers endlessly rather than resting on anything final.\n\nThe politically consequential figure is Foucault, who is the reason this tradition matters to anyone outside a literature department. His claim is that knowledge and power are not opposed but produced together: the prison, the clinic, the census and the sexual confession are not neutral instruments applied to pre-existing subjects but the machinery that makes those subjects. Power on this account is not held by a sovereign and exercised downward; it is capillary, in the routines and classifications of ordinary institutions, and it works by producing what counts as normal.\n\nThe politics that follows is real but hard to locate on the usual axes. It is corrosive of every settled justification, including progressive ones, which is why the tradition has been attacked from the left as demobilizing and from the right as nihilist. Its actual inheritance is a habit of asking whose interest a description serves — now so widespread that it is used daily by people who would repudiate the source.","Mid-20th century to present",[109,121,129,137,145,155,164],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":118,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1258,"Contemporary","Jacques Derrida","jacques-derrida","Showed that the oppositions Western thought rests on are unstable, and that meaning is deferred rather than grounded.",1930,2004,null,5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":113,"name":124,"slug":125,"one_line":126,"is_living":110,"birth_year":127,"death_year":128,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1259,"Jean-François Lyotard","jean-francois-lyotard","Defined the postmodern condition as incredulity toward the grand stories that legitimate knowledge and power.",1924,1998,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":130},{"id":131,"era":113,"name":132,"slug":133,"one_line":134,"is_living":110,"birth_year":135,"death_year":136,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1260,"Gilles Deleuze","gilles-deleuze","Built a philosophy of difference and flow against identity and hierarchy, and with Guattari read capitalism as a machine of released and recaptured desire.",1925,1995,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":138},{"id":139,"era":113,"name":140,"slug":141,"one_line":142,"is_living":110,"birth_year":143,"death_year":144,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1261,"Jean Baudrillard","jean-baudrillard","Argued that signs had detached from what they represent, so that simulation now precedes and produces the real.",1929,2007,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":146},{"id":147,"era":148,"name":149,"slug":150,"one_line":151,"is_living":110,"birth_year":152,"death_year":153,"portrait_url":154,"sort_priority":120},145,"20th Century","Michel Foucault","michel-foucault","Michel Foucault was a French philosopher of the left who rejected Marxist orthodoxy, and whose analyses of power, discipline, and sexuality reshaped critical theory across ideological lines",1926,1984,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fmichel-foucault.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":156},{"id":157,"era":148,"name":158,"slug":159,"one_line":160,"is_living":110,"birth_year":161,"death_year":144,"portrait_url":162,"sort_priority":163},246,"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty","Richard Rorty was a liberal pragmatist who dismantled the philosophical foundations of liberalism — and then argued, calmly, that liberalism didn't need them",1931,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Frichard-rorty.webp",7,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":165},{"id":166,"era":113,"name":167,"slug":168,"one_line":169,"is_living":170,"birth_year":171,"death_year":119,"portrait_url":172,"sort_priority":120},1041,"Judith Butler","judith-butler","Judith Butler is an American philosopher whose theory of gender performativity reshaped feminist, queer, and progressive politics by treating identity as something enacted rather than fixed.",true,1956,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fjudith-butler.webp",[],[175,177,178,180,181,182],{"archetype_slug":11,"shared_thinker_count":176},2,{"archetype_slug":83,"shared_thinker_count":176},{"archetype_slug":68,"shared_thinker_count":179},1,{"archetype_slug":98,"shared_thinker_count":179},{"archetype_slug":44,"shared_thinker_count":179},{"archetype_slug":35,"shared_thinker_count":179},[184,192,198,204,210],{"relation_type":185,"strength":186,"description":187,"traditions":188},"descends_from","foundational","The Frankfurt critique of enlightenment reason as itself a form of domination is the immediate ancestor; what changes is that the later generation abandons the emancipatory story the Frankfurt School was still trying to rescue.",{"name":189,"slug":190,"era_marker":191},"Critical Theory","critical-theory","20th century",{"relation_type":185,"strength":193,"description":194,"traditions":195},"significant","Heidegger's destruction of the metaphysical tradition and his account of the history of Being are the method Derrida works on, and the debt is acknowledged even where the conclusions are refused.",{"name":196,"slug":197,"era_marker":191},"Phenomenology","phenomenology",{"relation_type":185,"strength":193,"description":199,"traditions":200},"Both begin from the collapse of any given human essence; where existentialism answered with the freedom of the subject, postmodernism questions whether there is a subject there to be free.",{"name":201,"slug":202,"era_marker":203},"Existentialism","existentialism","19th-20th century",{"relation_type":205,"strength":186,"description":206,"traditions":207},"reacts_against","The autonomous rights-bearing individual choosing behind a veil of ignorance is precisely the unencumbered subject the tradition denies exists, and the neutrality claimed for the procedure is what it sets out to expose.",{"name":208,"slug":209,"era_marker":203},"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought",{"relation_type":205,"strength":186,"description":211,"traditions":212},"Against the claim that society yields to a neutral scientific method: the classifications are held to constitute their objects rather than to discover them, and the census and the clinic are instruments of power rather than of description.",{"name":213,"slug":214,"era_marker":215},"Positivism","positivism","19th century to present",[217,223],{"relation_type":185,"strength":186,"description":218,"traditions":219},"Orientalism applies Foucault's account of discourse and power to a body of Western scholarship that had understood itself as disinterested, and Spivak came to the field as Derrida's translator.",{"name":220,"slug":221,"era_marker":222},"Postcolonial Theory","postcolonial-theory","Late 20th century to present",{"relation_type":224,"strength":193,"description":225,"traditions":226},"converges_with","Both read reason as implicated in domination rather than opposed to it, and the later Frankfurt School and the French theorists spent decades arguing about how far that goes.",{"name":189,"slug":190,"era_marker":191}]