[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-positivism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":17,"name":18},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":20,"name":21},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":23,"name":24},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":35,"name":36},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":38,"name":39},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":41,"name":42},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":139,"sharedArchetypes":140,"relOut":141,"relIn":157},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},494,"positivism","Positivism","That society can be studied by the methods that succeeded in the natural sciences, and governed on the results — knowledge advancing from the theological through the metaphysical to the positive.","Positivism is Auguste Comte's program for finishing the Enlightenment: if the natural sciences have escaped theology and metaphysics by confining themselves to observable regularities, then the study of society can do the same, and the resulting knowledge can be used to govern.\n\nComte's law of three stages holds that every branch of knowledge passes from theological explanation, through metaphysical abstraction, to the positive stage of ascertained relations between phenomena. Sociology — his word — is the last science to make the passage, and the most important, because it alone can supply the principles on which industrial society might be reorganized after the collapse of the old religious order. His late proposal of a Religion of Humanity, with a calendar of secular saints and a priesthood of sociologists, was ridiculed even by admirers, but it is the honest expression of the ambition: positive knowledge was to do the work that faith had done.\n\nDurkheim made the method serious. Treating social facts as things — external to the individual, exercising constraint, and explicable only by other social facts rather than by psychology — he turned the program into a research discipline, and Suicide (1897) demonstrated that even the most private act shows regularities that belong to the group rather than the person.\n\nThe political inheritance is double-edged and runs everywhere. Technocratic government, evidence-based policy and the authority of the expert all descend from the claim that society yields to scientific study; so does the standing objection, pressed by Weber, the Frankfurt School and Hayek alike, that treating a society as an object of administration mistakes what kind of thing it is.","19th century to present",[109,121,130],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":118,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1246,"19th century","Auguste Comte","auguste-comte","Founded sociology and positivism, holding that society could be studied scientifically and reorganised on the results.",1798,1857,null,5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"one_line":127,"is_living":110,"birth_year":128,"death_year":129,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1247,"Modern","Émile Durkheim","emile-durkheim","Made sociology a discipline by insisting that social facts are real things, external to individuals and explicable only by other social facts.",1858,1917,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":131},{"id":132,"era":133,"name":134,"slug":135,"one_line":136,"is_living":110,"birth_year":137,"death_year":138,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1221,"19th Century","Henri de Saint-Simon","henri-de-saint-simon","The count who fought at Yorktown, lost a fortune, and argued that industrial society should be governed by producers and scientists rather than by lawyers and nobles.",1760,1825,[],[],[142,150],{"relation_type":143,"strength":144,"description":145,"traditions":146},"descends_from","foundational","Comte proposed to finish what the philosophes began: extending to society the method that had already freed astronomy and physics from theology.",{"name":147,"slug":148,"era_marker":149},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy","18th century",{"relation_type":143,"strength":151,"description":152,"traditions":153},"significant","Comte was Saint-Simon's secretary, and the claim that authority should pass to those who understand production survives the break between them intact.",{"name":154,"slug":155,"era_marker":156},"Utopian Socialism","utopian-socialism","Early 19th century",[158,164,170],{"relation_type":143,"strength":144,"description":159,"traditions":160},"Durkheim's rule that social facts are things, external and constraining, is what made a science of society into a discipline rather than a program.",{"name":161,"slug":162,"era_marker":163},"Political Sociology","political-sociology","Late 19th century to present",{"relation_type":165,"strength":151,"description":166,"traditions":167},"reacts_against","Weber, the Frankfurt School and Hayek converge on the objection that treating a society as an object of scientific administration mistakes what kind of thing it is.",{"name":168,"slug":169,"era_marker":107},"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity",{"relation_type":165,"strength":144,"description":171,"traditions":172},"Against the claim that society yields to a neutral scientific method: the classifications are held to constitute their objects rather than to discover them, and the census and the clinic are instruments of power rather than of description.",{"name":173,"slug":174,"era_marker":175},"Postmodernism","postmodernism","Mid-20th century to present"]