[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-ordoliberalism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":17,"name":18},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":20,"name":21},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":23,"name":24},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":35,"name":36},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":38,"name":39},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":41,"name":42},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":146,"sharedArchetypes":147,"relOut":153,"relIn":187},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},508,"ordoliberalism","Ordoliberalism","That markets do not arise spontaneously and do not stay competitive on their own — the state must constitute and police the economic order without intervening in outcomes.","Ordoliberalism is the German answer to the question of what a liberal should have learned from the interwar catastrophe, and it differs from every other liberal school on the point that matters: it does not believe the market is natural.\n\nThe Freiburg school formed under the Nazi regime, which is essential to understanding it. Eucken and his colleagues watched cartelized heavy industry make itself indispensable to a totalitarian state, and concluded that private economic power is as dangerous as public power and tends to convert into it. Laissez-faire was therefore not innocent: leaving markets alone produces concentration, and concentration produces the political conditions for tyranny.\n\nTheir conclusion is that competition is a public good requiring construction and defense. The state's task is to establish the framework — the Ordnung — within which competition operates: stable money, open markets, private property, freedom of contract, liability for one's own losses, and above all vigorous antitrust. Within that frame the state should not intervene in prices, wages or outcomes. This is a strong state and a limited one at the same time, and the ordoliberals were explicit that a weak state captured by interest groups was the real enemy.\n\nRöpke and Rüstow added a cultural dimension the Freiburg economists left out, arguing that a market order needs to sit inside a society of small enterprise, property-owning families and religious observance if it is not to corrode itself.\n\nErhard put it into practice as economics minister in 1948, freeing prices against Allied advice, and the Wirtschaftswunder followed. The doctrine became the German consensus, and through Germany it shaped the European Central Bank's mandate, the stability pact, and the terms of the eurozone crisis — where its insistence on rules over discretion was read elsewhere as moralism.","20th century to present",[109,121,129,139],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":118,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1273,"Modern","Walter Eucken","walter-eucken","Founded the Freiburg school, arguing that a competitive order must be constituted and defended by the state rather than left to arise.",1891,1950,null,5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":113,"name":124,"slug":125,"one_line":126,"is_living":110,"birth_year":127,"death_year":128,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1274,"Alexander Rüstow","alexander-rustow","Coined \"neoliberalism\" for a liberalism with a strong state, and argued that markets need a moral and social frame to survive.",1885,1963,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":130},{"id":131,"era":132,"name":133,"slug":134,"one_line":135,"is_living":110,"birth_year":136,"death_year":137,"portrait_url":138,"sort_priority":120},1047,"20th Century","Ludwig Erhard","ludwig-erhard","Ludwig Erhard was the German economics minister and chancellor who built the postwar 'social market economy,' pairing free markets with a stable framework of competition and social cohesion.",1897,1977,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fludwig-erhard.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":140},{"id":141,"era":119,"name":142,"slug":143,"one_line":144,"is_living":110,"birth_year":119,"death_year":119,"portrait_url":145,"sort_priority":120},748,"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke","Wilhelm Röpke was a German ordoliberal economist whose vision of a decentralized, morally grounded market shaped West Germany's postwar social market economy","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fwilhelm-ropke.webp",[],[148,150,151,152],{"archetype_slug":80,"shared_thinker_count":149},1,{"archetype_slug":71,"shared_thinker_count":149},{"archetype_slug":95,"shared_thinker_count":149},{"archetype_slug":20,"shared_thinker_count":149},[154,162,169,175,180],{"relation_type":155,"strength":156,"description":157,"traditions":158},"descends_from","foundational","It keeps the liberal commitments — private property, freedom of contract, the price system — and rejects the assumption that they sustain themselves once established.",{"name":159,"slug":160,"era_marker":161},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism","17th-19th century",{"relation_type":155,"strength":163,"description":164,"traditions":165},"significant","The Austrian case for prices as the carrier of dispersed knowledge is accepted; the Austrian confidence that competition is self-maintaining is not.",{"name":166,"slug":167,"era_marker":168},"Austrian School Economics","austrian-school-economics","Late 19th century to present",{"relation_type":170,"strength":156,"description":171,"traditions":172},"reacts_against","The Freiburg school formed watching cartelized industry make itself indispensable to a totalitarian state, and concluded that concentrated private power converts into political power.",{"name":173,"slug":174,"era_marker":107},"Fascism","fascism",{"relation_type":170,"strength":163,"description":176,"traditions":177},"Against discretionary demand management: policy should set the rules of the order and then hold to them, since discretion is what interest groups capture.",{"name":178,"slug":179,"era_marker":107},"Keynesianism","keynesianism",{"relation_type":181,"strength":163,"description":182,"traditions":183},"converges_with","The German social market economy is the two traditions in combination: Erhard's framework economics inside Adenauer's party, with Röpke and Rüstow supplying a social frame Catholic teaching already asked for.",{"name":184,"slug":185,"era_marker":186},"Christian Democracy","christian-democracy","19th century to present",[]]