[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-neoconservatism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":14,"name":15},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":17,"name":18},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":189,"sharedArchetypes":190},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},471,"neoconservatism","Neoconservatism","The American tradition that began as a liberal disillusionment with the Great Society and became an assertive foreign policy of democracy promotion and American primacy.","The American political tradition that began in domestic policy as a disillusionment with liberal social engineering and ended, three decades later, as the most assertive foreign-policy school in postwar Washington. Irving Kristol's definition — a liberal who has been mugged by reality — captures the trajectory better than any doctrine, because neoconservatism was a migration before it was a position.\n\nIts founders were largely anti-Stalinist New York intellectuals of the 1930s and 1940s, who had learned to argue against communism from inside the left. The Public Interest, founded by Kristol and Daniel Bell in 1965, made the domestic case: not that the Great Society's aims were wrong, but that its programmes produced unintended consequences its designers had not modelled, and that social science ought to be used to check enthusiasm rather than fuel it. Leo Strauss's influence on the movement is real but routinely overstated, and the claim that his esoteric teaching secretly directed policy has served mostly as a conspiracy theory.\n\nThe foreign-policy turn came through the Cold War. Jeane Kirkpatrick's Dictatorships and Double Standards (1979) argued that authoritarian allies were reformable while totalitarian regimes were not, supplying a rationale for supporting the former. After 1989 the tradition moved from containment to promotion — the conviction that liberal democracy is universally applicable and that American power should actively spread it, which culminated in the Iraq war of 2003.\n\nThat war largely discredited the tradition, and its own adherents divide over whether the failure was in the theory or the execution. The label has also been put to uses worth naming plainly: applied to a group of substantially Jewish intellectuals, it has often functioned as an antisemitic euphemism for a supposed foreign influence on American policy, which is a reason to use the word precisely rather than to avoid it.","Mid-20th century to present",[109,120,128,136,144,152,160,172,180],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},true,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":118,"sort_priority":119},862,null,"Liz Cheney","liz-cheney","Liz Cheney is a traditional conservative Republican who broke with Donald Trump over January 6 and became a leading voice for constitutional democracy within her party",1966,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fliz-cheney.webp",5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":121},{"id":122,"era":113,"name":123,"slug":124,"one_line":125,"is_living":110,"birth_year":126,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":127,"sort_priority":119},875,"Max Boot","max-boot","Max Boot is a neoconservative turned Never-Trump liberal internationalist whose journey from Iraq War advocate to Republican critic traces the fracturing of American foreign-policy hawkishness",1969,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fmax-boot.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":129},{"id":130,"era":113,"name":131,"slug":132,"one_line":133,"is_living":110,"birth_year":134,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":135,"sort_priority":119},917,"Robert Kagan","robert-kagan","Robert Kagan is a neoconservative foreign-policy writer who argues that American power must actively uphold the fragile liberal international order",1958,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Frobert-kagan.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":137},{"id":138,"era":113,"name":139,"slug":140,"one_line":141,"is_living":110,"birth_year":142,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":143,"sort_priority":119},840,"John Bolton","john-bolton","John Bolton is a hawkish American diplomat whose muscular nationalism and skepticism of international institutions define a hardline strain of U.S. foreign policy",1948,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fjohn-bolton.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":145},{"id":146,"era":113,"name":147,"slug":148,"one_line":149,"is_living":110,"birth_year":150,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":151,"sort_priority":119},783,"Bill Kristol","bill-kristol","Bill Kristol is a leading neoconservative strategist who shaped Republican intellectual life before breaking with his party to become a prominent Never Trump conservative",1952,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fbill-kristol.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":153},{"id":154,"era":113,"name":155,"slug":156,"one_line":157,"is_living":110,"birth_year":158,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":159,"sort_priority":119},802,"David Frum","david-frum","David Frum is a conservative by conviction who moved from Bush-era hawkishness to become one of the most visible Never-Trump critics of the American right",1960,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fdavid-frum.webp",{"is_primary":161,"thinkers":162},false,{"id":163,"era":164,"name":165,"slug":166,"one_line":167,"is_living":161,"birth_year":168,"death_year":169,"portrait_url":170,"sort_priority":171},201,"20th Century","Irving Kristol","irving-kristol","Irving Kristol was the godfather of neoconservatism — a veteran of City College's anti-Stalinist left who spent his career asking what liberalism gets wrong about human nature and the limits of good intentions",1920,2009,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Firving-kristol.webp",7,{"is_primary":161,"thinkers":173},{"id":174,"era":113,"name":175,"slug":176,"one_line":177,"is_living":161,"birth_year":113,"death_year":178,"portrait_url":179,"sort_priority":119},692,"Norman Podhoretz","norman-podhoretz","Norman Podhoretz was an American neoconservative whose journey from Cold War liberalism to hawkish anti-Communism, waged as editor of Commentary, helped institutionalize neoconservatism on the right",2025,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fnorman-podhoretz.webp",{"is_primary":161,"thinkers":181},{"id":182,"era":164,"name":183,"slug":184,"one_line":185,"is_living":161,"birth_year":186,"death_year":187,"portrait_url":188,"sort_priority":119},1031,"Jeane Kirkpatrick","jeane-kirkpatrick","Jeane Kirkpatrick was an American political scientist and Reagan-era diplomat whose distinction between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes reshaped Cold War foreign policy.",1926,2006,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fjeane-kirkpatrick.webp",[],[191,193,195,197],{"archetype_slug":89,"shared_thinker_count":192},9,{"archetype_slug":23,"shared_thinker_count":194},2,{"archetype_slug":86,"shared_thinker_count":196},1,{"archetype_slug":26,"shared_thinker_count":196}]