[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-multiculturalism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":8,"name":9},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":11,"name":12},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":14,"name":15},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":23,"name":24},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":35,"name":36},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":47,"name":48},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":50,"name":51},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":53,"name":54},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":56,"name":57},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":62,"name":63},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":65,"name":66},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":77,"name":78},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":98,"name":99},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":137,"sharedArchetypes":138,"relOut":144,"relIn":176},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},509,"multiculturalism","Multiculturalism","That equal citizenship can require differential treatment: minority cultures may need group-specific rights, because a state that claims to be neutral is usually carrying the majority's culture unmarked.","Multiculturalism is the argument that liberal neutrality is not available, and that pretending otherwise disadvantages exactly the groups it claims to treat equally.\n\nIts starting observation is that no state is culturally neutral. It conducts business in a language, keeps a calendar with particular holidays, teaches a history, and recognizes certain forms of marriage and property. For the majority these are invisible defaults; for minorities they are the majority's culture presented as the absence of culture. Kymlicka drew the liberal conclusion: since individual autonomy requires a societal culture supplying meaningful options, and minority cultures cannot always sustain one unaided, group-differentiated rights are a requirement of liberal equality rather than an exception to it — and he distinguished sharply between external protections, which are legitimate, and internal restrictions on a group's own members, which are not.\n\nTaylor made the case in terms of recognition rather than autonomy. Identity is formed dialogically, so misrecognition — being reflected back a demeaning picture of oneself — is a real harm and not merely an absence of respect. The politics of equal dignity, which treats everyone identically, therefore sits in genuine tension with a politics of difference that asks for what is distinctive to be acknowledged.\n\nYoung attacked the ideal of impartiality itself, arguing that a universal citizenship which asks people to set aside their particular identities in public has always in practice asked the marginalized to adopt the perspective of the privileged.\n\nThe tradition has been under sustained attack from two directions since: from liberals and republicans who hold that entrenching group identity fragments common citizenship, and from feminists — Susan Okin's \"Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?\" being the sharpest — who note that the cultures being protected often subordinate their own women.","Late 20th century to present",[109,121,129],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":117,"birth_year":118,"death_year":119,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1275,"Contemporary","Will Kymlicka","will-kymlicka","Argued that group-differentiated rights for minority cultures are required by liberal principles rather than an exception to them.",true,1962,null,5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":113,"name":124,"slug":125,"one_line":126,"is_living":110,"birth_year":127,"death_year":128,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1276,"Iris Marion Young","iris-marion-young","Attacked the ideal of impartial universal citizenship as a disguise for the perspective of the privileged.",1949,2006,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":130},{"id":131,"era":113,"name":132,"slug":133,"one_line":134,"is_living":117,"birth_year":135,"death_year":119,"portrait_url":136,"sort_priority":120},104,"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor","Charles Taylor is a communitarian political philosopher whose accounts of modern identity, multiculturalism, and the secular age made him one of the most influential living political thinkers",1931,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fcharles-taylor.webp",[],[139,141,142,143],{"archetype_slug":95,"shared_thinker_count":140},1,{"archetype_slug":11,"shared_thinker_count":140},{"archetype_slug":83,"shared_thinker_count":140},{"archetype_slug":50,"shared_thinker_count":140},[145,153,158,164,171],{"relation_type":146,"strength":147,"description":148,"traditions":149},"descends_from","foundational","Kymlicka argues on liberal ground: autonomy requires a societal culture supplying meaningful options, so cultural rights follow from the premise rather than qualifying it.",{"name":150,"slug":151,"era_marker":152},"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought","19th-20th century",{"relation_type":146,"strength":147,"description":154,"traditions":155},"Taylor's account of identity as formed dialogically, so that misrecognition is a genuine harm, comes straight out of the communitarian critique of the unencumbered self.",{"name":156,"slug":157,"era_marker":107},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",{"relation_type":146,"strength":159,"description":160,"traditions":161},"significant","The claim that a state's neutrality is the majority's culture presented as the absence of culture is the domestic form of the postcolonial argument about representation.",{"name":162,"slug":163,"era_marker":107},"Postcolonial Theory","postcolonial-theory",{"relation_type":165,"strength":147,"description":166,"traditions":167},"reacts_against","Against the assumption that a state should express a single national culture, which multiculturalism treats as the majority's particularity mistaken for neutrality.",{"name":168,"slug":169,"era_marker":170},"Nationalism","nationalism","18th century to present",{"relation_type":165,"strength":159,"description":172,"traditions":173},"The sharpest internal objection runs the other way — Okin's \"Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?\" noting that the cultures protected often subordinate their own women.",{"name":174,"slug":175,"era_marker":170},"Liberal Feminism","liberal-feminism",[]]