[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-libertarianism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":14,"name":15},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":17,"name":18},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":307,"sharedArchetypes":308},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},473,"libertarianism","Libertarianism","The 20th-century American movement holding self-ownership and voluntary exchange as the basis of politics, and the state as at best a narrowly limited instrument.","The twentieth-century movement holding that individuals own themselves and the fruits of their labour, that all legitimate relations between them are voluntary, and that the state is at best a narrowly bounded instrument for protecting rights — at worst an aggressor with better public relations.\n\nIt is distinguishable from classical liberalism less by doctrine than by self-consciousness. Where classical liberalism was the broad common sense of nineteenth-century reform, libertarianism formed as a deliberate movement in mid-century America, with institutions built to sustain it: the Foundation for Economic Education in 1946, the Mont Pelerin Society in 1947, the Libertarian Party in 1971, the Cato Institute in 1977. Its intellectual sources were three and did not agree — Mises and Hayek's economics, Rand's ethical egoism, and Rothbard's natural-rights absolutism — and Rand in particular regarded the movement as having stolen her politics while discarding its philosophical foundation.\n\nIts internal argument runs along two axes. On extent: minarchists accept a state confined to courts, police and defence, while anarcho-capitalists hold that consistency requires abolishing it. On grounds: deontologists like Nozick and Rothbard argue from rights that hold regardless of consequences, while consequentialists like Milton and David Friedman argue that liberty simply works better and would abandon it if it did not. Bleeding-heart and left-libertarian currents have since argued that the tradition's own premises require far more attention to how existing property titles were acquired.\n\nThe standing objection is that libertarianism has a developed theory of state coercion and an underdeveloped theory of every other kind — that concentrations of private economic power, monopsony in labour markets and inherited advantage constrain real freedom in ways the framework registers only faintly. Its more serious contemporary work is largely an attempt to answer exactly that charge.","20th century to present",[109,120,128,136,144,151,159,168,175,183,191,198,206,214,222,230,238,245,253,264,274,282,290,298],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},true,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":118,"sort_priority":119},923,null,"Ron Paul","ron-paul","Ron Paul is a libertarian former congressman and presidential candidate whose crusade against the Fed, war, and federal power galvanized a grassroots movement",1935,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fron-paul.webp",5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":121},{"id":122,"era":113,"name":123,"slug":124,"one_line":125,"is_living":110,"birth_year":126,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":127,"sort_priority":119},809,"Elon Musk","elon-musk","Elon Musk is a techno-libertarian entrepreneur moving steadily rightward, whose ownership of X made free-speech advocacy and anti-\"woke\" politics a global cultural battleground",1971,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Felon-musk.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":129},{"id":130,"era":113,"name":131,"slug":132,"one_line":133,"is_living":110,"birth_year":134,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":135,"sort_priority":119},967,"Joe Lonsdale","joe-lonsdale","Joe Lonsdale is the Palantir co-founder building the tech right's parallel institutions — the University of Austin, the Cicero Institute — on a creed of markets, statecraft, and American optimism",1982,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fjoe-lonsdale.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":137},{"id":138,"era":113,"name":139,"slug":140,"one_line":141,"is_living":110,"birth_year":142,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":143,"sort_priority":119},842,"John Mackey","john-mackey","John Mackey is a libertarian entrepreneur who fused free-market conviction with a stakeholder ethic, popularizing 'Conscious Capitalism' as a moral defense of business",1953,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fjohn-mackey.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":145},{"id":146,"era":113,"name":147,"slug":148,"one_line":149,"is_living":110,"birth_year":126,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":150,"sort_priority":119},965,"Marc Andreessen","marc-andreessen","Marc Andreessen is the venture capitalist whose Techno-Optimist Manifesto turned Silicon Valley's growth creed into an explicit political program — markets, energy, and building against the regulatory state","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fmarc-andreessen.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":152},{"id":153,"era":113,"name":154,"slug":155,"one_line":156,"is_living":110,"birth_year":157,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":158,"sort_priority":119},904,"Peter Thiel","peter-thiel","Peter Thiel is an entrepreneur, investor, and political financier whose ideas and patronage helped popularize a part-libertarian, part-nationalist synthesis now characterizing an emergent American tech-right",1967,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fpeter-thiel.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":160},{"id":161,"era":162,"name":163,"slug":164,"one_line":165,"is_living":110,"birth_year":166,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":167,"sort_priority":119},1074,"Contemporary","Rand Paul","rand-paul","Rand Paul is an American senator and physician whose libertarian-inflected conservatism turned surveillance, war powers, and executive overreach into signature constitutional battles.",1963,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Frand-paul.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":169},{"id":170,"era":113,"name":171,"slug":172,"one_line":173,"is_living":110,"birth_year":113,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":174,"sort_priority":119},764,"Alex Nowrasteh","alex-nowrasteh","Alex Nowrasteh is a free-market libertarian immigration scholar at the Cato Institute who marshals empirical and economic arguments for expanded legal immigration and more open borders","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Falex-nowrasteh.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":176},{"id":177,"era":113,"name":178,"slug":179,"one_line":180,"is_living":110,"birth_year":181,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":182,"sort_priority":119},800,"Dave Smith","dave-smith","Dave Smith is a libertarian comedian and podcaster who has become a leading popular voice for anti-war, anti-state, and non-interventionist ideas in American media",1983,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fdave-smith.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":184},{"id":185,"era":113,"name":186,"slug":187,"one_line":188,"is_living":110,"birth_year":189,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":190,"sort_priority":119},828,"Jacob Sullum","jacob-sullum","Jacob Sullum is a libertarian journalist at Reason who champions individual autonomy against state paternalism, insisting that adults have the right to make their own risky choices",1965,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fjacob-sullum.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":192},{"id":193,"era":113,"name":194,"slug":195,"one_line":196,"is_living":110,"birth_year":157,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":197,"sort_priority":119},838,"Joe Rogan","joe-rogan","Joe Rogan is a libertarian-leaning, label-resistant podcaster whose long-form show became a major, unpredictable force in political culture, prized for open conversation and criticized for platforming misinformation","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fjoe-rogan.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":199},{"id":200,"era":113,"name":201,"slug":202,"one_line":203,"is_living":110,"birth_year":204,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":205,"sort_priority":119},852,"Kmele Foster","kmele-foster","Kmele Foster is a libertarian media entrepreneur and commentator who challenges racial identity politics and champions free speech, individualism, and colorblind principles",1980,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fkmele-foster.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":207},{"id":208,"era":113,"name":209,"slug":210,"one_line":211,"is_living":110,"birth_year":212,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":213,"sort_priority":119},915,"Robby Soave","robby-soave","Robby Soave is a libertarian journalist at Reason who champions free speech and civil liberties while warning against moral panics on both left and right",1988,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Frobby-soave.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":215},{"id":216,"era":113,"name":217,"slug":218,"one_line":219,"is_living":110,"birth_year":220,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":221,"sort_priority":119},933,"Scott Horton","scott-horton","Scott Horton is a libertarian noninterventionist broadcaster and Antiwar.com director who has made the case against U.S. military intervention to a generation of antiwar readers and listeners",1976,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fscott-horton.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":223},{"id":224,"era":113,"name":225,"slug":226,"one_line":227,"is_living":110,"birth_year":228,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":229,"sort_priority":119},953,"Tyler Cowen","tyler-cowen","Tyler Cowen is a libertarian-leaning economist whose blogging, books, and podcasting made market thinking accessible while probing complacency, stagnation, and cultural dynamism",1962,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Ftyler-cowen.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":231},{"id":232,"era":113,"name":233,"slug":234,"one_line":235,"is_living":110,"birth_year":236,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":237,"sort_priority":119},955,"Virginia Postrel","virginia-postrel","Virginia Postrel is a libertarian writer who recast politics as a clash between open-ended dynamism and controlling stasis rather than left versus right",1960,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fvirginia-postrel.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":239},{"id":240,"era":113,"name":241,"slug":242,"one_line":243,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":244,"sort_priority":119},791,"Charles Koch","charles-koch","Charles Koch is a libertarian industrialist whose donor network reshaped American conservatism around free markets, deregulation, and limited government","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fcharles-koch.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":246},{"id":247,"era":113,"name":248,"slug":249,"one_line":250,"is_living":110,"birth_year":251,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":252,"sort_priority":119},966,"David Sacks","david-sacks","David Sacks is the PayPal-mafia investor who turned the All-In podcast into a tech-right political platform, then carried its agenda into the Trump White House as AI and crypto czar",1972,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fdavid-sacks.webp",{"is_primary":254,"thinkers":255},false,{"id":256,"era":257,"name":258,"slug":259,"one_line":260,"is_living":254,"birth_year":261,"death_year":262,"portrait_url":263,"sort_priority":119},146,"20th Century","Milton Friedman","milton-friedman","Milton Friedman was a classical liberal economist and Nobel laureate whose monetarism and popular case for free markets made him the most politically influential economist of the second half of the 20th century",1912,2006,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fmilton-friedman.webp",{"is_primary":254,"thinkers":265},{"id":266,"era":257,"name":267,"slug":268,"one_line":269,"is_living":254,"birth_year":270,"death_year":271,"portrait_url":272,"sort_priority":273},86,"Murray Rothbard","murray-rothbard","Murray Rothbard was an American anarcho-capitalist economist who pushed Austrian theory to the complete abolition of the state and built the most systematic libertarian framework of the 20th century",1926,1995,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fmurray-rothbard.webp",10,{"is_primary":254,"thinkers":275},{"id":276,"era":257,"name":277,"slug":278,"one_line":279,"is_living":254,"birth_year":280,"death_year":134,"portrait_url":281,"sort_priority":119},100,"Ayn Rand","ayn-rand","Ayn Rand was the Russian-American novelist-philosopher of Objectivism — rational self-interest and laissez-faire capitalism — whose fiction shaped late 20th century American libertarian and conservative thought",1905,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fayn-rand.webp",{"is_primary":254,"thinkers":283},{"id":284,"era":162,"name":285,"slug":286,"one_line":287,"is_living":254,"birth_year":142,"death_year":288,"portrait_url":289,"sort_priority":119},990,"David Boaz","david-boaz","David Boaz was the Cato Institute's longtime intellectual steward who packaged libertarianism into an accessible creed of personal and economic freedom for a mainstream American audience.",2024,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fdavid-boaz.webp",{"is_primary":254,"thinkers":291},{"id":292,"era":113,"name":293,"slug":294,"one_line":295,"is_living":110,"birth_year":296,"death_year":113,"portrait_url":297,"sort_priority":119},751,"David Friedman","david-friedman","David Friedman is a leading proponent of anarcho-capitalism whose case for a stateless society rests on consequentialist rather than moral-rights grounds",1945,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fdavid-friedman.webp",{"is_primary":254,"thinkers":299},{"id":300,"era":257,"name":301,"slug":302,"one_line":303,"is_living":254,"birth_year":304,"death_year":305,"portrait_url":306,"sort_priority":119},152,"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick","Robert Nozick was the libertarian philosopher whose Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) answered John Rawls and became the foundational text of contemporary libertarian political theory",1938,2002,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Frobert-nozick.webp",[],[309,311,312,314,315,317],{"archetype_slug":68,"shared_thinker_count":310},7,{"archetype_slug":77,"shared_thinker_count":310},{"archetype_slug":80,"shared_thinker_count":313},6,{"archetype_slug":5,"shared_thinker_count":119},{"archetype_slug":71,"shared_thinker_count":316},3,{"archetype_slug":92,"shared_thinker_count":316}]