[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-epicureanism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":8,"name":9},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":11,"name":12},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":14,"name":15},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":23,"name":24},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":35,"name":36},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":47,"name":48},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":50,"name":51},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":53,"name":54},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":56,"name":57},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":62,"name":63},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":65,"name":66},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":77,"name":78},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":98,"name":99},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":129,"sharedArchetypes":130,"relOut":131,"relIn":140},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},512,"epicureanism","Epicureanism","That the world is atoms and void with no providence in it, that the point of life is freedom from disturbance, and that justice is a contract of mutual advantage rather than a cosmic order.","Epicureanism is the ancient school most consistently misrepresented by its opponents, and the one whose political theory turned out to be the most modern.\n\nIts physics is atomist, taken from Democritus: nothing exists but atoms and void, the soul is material and disperses at death, and the gods, if they exist, take no interest in us. From this comes the therapeutic aim. Fear of the gods and fear of death are the two great sources of human misery, and both rest on mistakes about nature. Remove them and what remains is achievable: ataraxia, freedom from disturbance. The pleasure Epicurus recommended was this absence of pain, not indulgence; he lived on bread and water and thought a cup of wine an occasion.\n\nThe politics is contractual and deflationary. Justice is not written into the cosmos and is not owed to the gods. It is an agreement neither to harm nor be harmed, entered into because it is useful, and binding only while it remains so. That makes Epicurus a genuine ancestor of the social contract, and one who dispenses with the natural-law scaffolding the Stoics supplied. His advice was to live unnoticed and stay out of public life, which is a political position rather than an absence of one.\n\nLucretius turned the doctrine into Latin verse in De Rerum Natura, and the poem's rediscovery in 1417 put materialism back into European circulation. Gassendi Christianized it, Hobbes absorbed the physics, and the utilitarians took the calculus of pleasure and pain and made it a public standard rather than a private discipline.","4th century BC to 2nd century AD, revived 17th century",[109,121],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":118,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1126,"Ancient","Epicurus","epicurus","Founder of the Garden, who built an ethics of tranquillity on an atomic physics designed to remove fear of the gods and of death from political and private life.",-341,-270,null,5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":113,"name":124,"slug":125,"one_line":126,"is_living":110,"birth_year":127,"death_year":128,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1128,"Lucretius","lucretius","The Roman poet whose De Rerum Natura carried Epicurean atomism into Latin, and whose rediscovery in 1417 put a godless material universe back into European thought.",-99,-55,[],[],[132],{"relation_type":133,"strength":134,"description":135,"traditions":136},"descends_from","foundational","The atomism is Democritus and the ethical question is the Socratic one, answered by removing rather than by perfecting the desires.",{"name":137,"slug":138,"era_marker":139},"Greek Philosophy","ancient-philosophy","6th to 4th century BC",[141,147,154],{"relation_type":133,"strength":134,"description":142,"traditions":143},"Atoms, void, a material soul and gods indifferent to human affairs: the modern materialists took the whole apparatus, and Gassendi reintroduced it by name.",{"name":144,"slug":145,"era_marker":146},"Materialism","materialism","Ancient to present",{"relation_type":133,"strength":148,"description":149,"traditions":150},"significant","The calculus of pleasure and pain is Epicurean; what changes is that Bentham makes it a public standard for legislation instead of a private discipline.",{"name":151,"slug":152,"era_marker":153},"Utilitarianism","utilitarianism","18th-19th century",{"relation_type":133,"strength":148,"description":155,"traditions":156},"Justice as an agreement neither to harm nor be harmed, entered into for mutual advantage and binding only while useful, is the contract without the natural law.",{"name":157,"slug":158,"era_marker":159},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory","17th-18th century, revived 20th century"]