[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-christian-democracy":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":17,"name":18},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":20,"name":21},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":23,"name":24},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":35,"name":36},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":38,"name":39},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":41,"name":42},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":156,"sharedArchetypes":157,"relOut":160,"relIn":199},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},507,"christian-democracy","Christian Democracy","That politics should be ordered by Christian social teaching without becoming clerical — accepting democracy and the market, and binding both by the dignity of the person and the duties of solidarity.","Christian Democracy is the most electorally successful political tradition of postwar Europe and the least theorized, because it was built by people governing rather than by people writing.\n\nIts doctrinal source is Catholic social teaching, above all Rerum Novarum (1891), which condemned both socialism and unrestrained capitalism and asserted a right to a living wage, to property, and to association. From it come the two concepts that do the tradition's work. Subsidiarity holds that decisions should be taken at the lowest competent level, with higher bodies assisting rather than absorbing lower ones — a doctrine that limits the state without leaving the individual alone against the market. Solidarity holds that society is a body of mutually obligated persons rather than a market of individuals, which licenses extensive welfare provision on grounds no liberal individualism supplies.\n\nMaritain gave it a philosophy. Writing after the fall of France and the collaboration of much of the Catholic right, he argued that a Christian could and must embrace democracy and human rights, distinguishing the person — with an inviolable spiritual destiny — from the individual as a unit of society. He shaped the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.\n\nThe politicians made it a governing order. De Gasperi in Italy, Adenauer in Germany and Schuman in France rebuilt shattered states on it, and the European Coal and Steel Community was substantially their project: Catholic, cross-border, and designed to make war between France and Germany materially impossible. In the Netherlands, Kuyper's Calvinist doctrine of sphere sovereignty had arrived at a strikingly similar structure from a Protestant direction.\n\nIts long decline tracks European secularization, and its remnants are visible in the EU's founding vocabulary.","19th century to present",[109,121,129,137,147],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":118,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1270,"Modern","Jacques Maritain","jacques-maritain","Argued that Thomist philosophy requires democracy and human rights, and helped draft the Universal Declaration.",1882,1973,null,5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":113,"name":124,"slug":125,"one_line":126,"is_living":110,"birth_year":127,"death_year":128,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1271,"Alcide De Gasperi","alcide-de-gasperi","Rebuilt Italian democracy after fascism as a Christian Democrat, and was among the founders of the European project.",1881,1954,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":130},{"id":131,"era":113,"name":132,"slug":133,"one_line":134,"is_living":110,"birth_year":135,"death_year":136,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},1272,"Konrad Adenauer","konrad-adenauer","First chancellor of West Germany, who bound a defeated country into the West and made Christian Democracy its governing tradition.",1876,1967,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":138},{"id":139,"era":140,"name":141,"slug":142,"one_line":143,"is_living":110,"birth_year":144,"death_year":145,"portrait_url":146,"sort_priority":120},968,"19th Century","Abraham Kuyper","abraham-kuyper","Abraham Kuyper was a Dutch theologian and prime minister whose doctrine of sphere sovereignty shaped Christian democracy and gave religious conservatives a principled defense of civil society against state overreach.",1837,1920,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fabraham-kuyper.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":148},{"id":149,"era":140,"name":150,"slug":151,"one_line":152,"is_living":110,"birth_year":153,"death_year":154,"portrait_url":155,"sort_priority":120},1071,"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii","Pope Leo XIII was the pontiff whose encyclical Rerum Novarum founded modern Catholic social teaching, charting a course between laissez-faire capitalism and socialism.",1810,1903,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fpope-leo-xiii.webp",[],[158],{"archetype_slug":38,"shared_thinker_count":159},2,[161,169,176,182,188,193],{"relation_type":162,"strength":163,"description":164,"traditions":165},"descends_from","foundational","Rerum Novarum (1891) supplied the doctrine: condemnation of both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, a right to a living wage and to association, and the principle of subsidiarity.",{"name":166,"slug":167,"era_marker":168},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","Medieval to present",{"relation_type":162,"strength":170,"description":171,"traditions":172},"significant","The dignity of the person as a limit on what any majority may enact is a natural-law claim, and Maritain made the Thomist version the basis of his defense of human rights.",{"name":173,"slug":174,"era_marker":175},"Natural Law","natural-law","Ancient to present",{"relation_type":162,"strength":170,"description":177,"traditions":178},"The preference for widely spread property and for enterprise at the smallest workable scale carries over, minus the agrarian nostalgia.",{"name":179,"slug":180,"era_marker":181},"Distributism","distributism","20th century to present",{"relation_type":183,"strength":163,"description":184,"traditions":185},"reacts_against","Rerum Novarum condemned socialism by name, and postwar Christian Democracy was built as the electoral instrument against communist parties in Italy, France and Germany.",{"name":186,"slug":187,"era_marker":107},"Marxism","marxism",{"relation_type":183,"strength":163,"description":189,"traditions":190},"De Gasperi was imprisoned by Mussolini and Adenauer removed by the Nazis; the tradition was constituted by people whose alternative to authoritarianism had failed once already.",{"name":191,"slug":192,"era_marker":181},"Fascism","fascism",{"relation_type":183,"strength":170,"description":194,"traditions":195},"Against a market of individuals bound only by contract: solidarity holds that society is a body of mutually obligated persons, which licenses welfare on grounds liberal individualism does not supply.",{"name":196,"slug":197,"era_marker":198},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism","17th-19th century",[200],{"relation_type":201,"strength":170,"description":202,"traditions":203},"converges_with","The German social market economy is the two traditions in combination: Erhard's framework economics inside Adenauer's party, with Röpke and Rüstow supplying a social frame Catholic teaching already asked for.",{"name":204,"slug":205,"era_marker":181},"Ordoliberalism","ordoliberalism"]