[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"tradition-aristotelianism":100},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":8,"name":9},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":11,"name":12},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":14,"name":15},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":23,"name":24},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":35,"name":36},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":47,"name":48},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":50,"name":51},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":53,"name":54},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":56,"name":57},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":62,"name":63},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":65,"name":66},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":77,"name":78},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":98,"name":99},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"tradition":101,"thinkers":108,"definingArchetypes":140,"sharedArchetypes":141,"relOut":149,"relIn":158},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"short_description":105,"long_description":106,"era_marker":107},510,"aristotelianism","Aristotelianism","That politics is the study of how human beings live well together, that the city exists by nature, and that the best constitution is the one a given people can actually sustain.","Aristotle is the ancestor of political science as an empirical discipline and of virtue ethics as a moral one, and the two are connected. He held that the polis exists by nature because human beings are political animals, creatures who realize what they are only in a shared life under law. A person outside the city is either a beast or a god.\n\nHis method was to look first. He and his school collected the constitutions of 158 cities before generalizing, and the Politics reads as comparative government rather than as an ideal blueprint. That is the break with his teacher. Where the Republic asks what the best city would be, Aristotle asks which constitution suits which people, and answers that the most durable is polity, a mixture of oligarchy and democracy resting on a large middle class with enough property to be independent and not enough to despise their neighbors.\n\nHe also supplied the vocabulary that political argument still runs on: distributive justice as proportion rather than equality, the distinction between ruling for the common good and ruling for oneself, deliberation as the activity proper to citizens, and the claim that law should govern because law is reason without passion. Not all of it survives inspection. His defense of natural slavery is an argument he could have refuted with his own tools, and his account of women is worse.\n\nThe afterlife is enormous. The Arabic commentators made him the Philosopher; Averroes earned the title of Commentator; Aquinas Christianized the whole apparatus and made it the spine of scholastic politics. Every subsequent revival of virtue, the common good, or the political nature of human beings is a return to this text.","4th century BC, revived repeatedly",[109,121,131],{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":111},false,{"id":112,"era":113,"name":114,"slug":115,"one_line":116,"is_living":110,"birth_year":117,"death_year":118,"portrait_url":119,"sort_priority":120},15,"Ancient","Aristotle","aristotle","Aristotle was the ancient Greek founder of political science, grounding politics in the conviction that humans are by nature political animals who flourish only in community",-384,-322,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Faristotle.webp",5,{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":122},{"id":123,"era":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"one_line":127,"is_living":110,"birth_year":128,"death_year":129,"portrait_url":130,"sort_priority":120},1112,"Medieval","Averroes","averroes","Averroes was the Andalusian philosopher whose commentaries carried Aristotle back into the Latin West, and whose insistence that philosophy and revelation could not contradict each other set the terms of the medieval argument about reason.",1126,1198,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Faverroes.webp",{"is_primary":110,"thinkers":132},{"id":133,"era":124,"name":134,"slug":135,"one_line":136,"is_living":110,"birth_year":137,"death_year":138,"portrait_url":139,"sort_priority":120},32,"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas","Thomas Aquinas was the medieval Dominican friar who synthesized Christian theology with Aristotelian philosophy and built the natural law tradition that still anchors Catholic political thought",1225,1274,"\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fthomas-aquinas.webp",[],[142,144,145,146,148],{"archetype_slug":86,"shared_thinker_count":143},2,{"archetype_slug":47,"shared_thinker_count":143},{"archetype_slug":50,"shared_thinker_count":143},{"archetype_slug":68,"shared_thinker_count":147},1,{"archetype_slug":23,"shared_thinker_count":147},[150],{"relation_type":151,"strength":152,"description":153,"traditions":154},"descends_from","foundational","Aristotle spent twenty years in Plato's Academy and defined his own position against it, keeping the conviction that the good life is a subject for argument and rejecting the claim that it is known by a separate expertise.",{"name":155,"slug":156,"era_marker":157},"Greek Philosophy","ancient-philosophy","6th to 4th century BC",[159,165,171,177,183,190],{"relation_type":151,"strength":152,"description":160,"traditions":161},"The recovery of Aristotle through Arabic and then Latin translation reorganized the schools around him; Aquinas wrote commentaries on the Politics and the Ethics as well as the Summa.",{"name":162,"slug":163,"era_marker":164},"Scholasticism","scholasticism","12th-15th century",{"relation_type":151,"strength":152,"description":166,"traditions":167},"The mixed constitution, the citizen who rules and is ruled in turn, and the middle class as the guarantor of stability are all from the Politics.",{"name":168,"slug":169,"era_marker":170},"Classical Republicanism","classical-republicanism","5th century BC to 2nd century AD",{"relation_type":151,"strength":152,"description":172,"traditions":173},"The method begins with the collection of 158 constitutions: describe what exists, classify it, and generalize afterward.",{"name":174,"slug":175,"era_marker":176},"Comparative Politics","comparative-politics","18th century to present",{"relation_type":151,"strength":152,"description":178,"traditions":179},"MacIntyre and Sandel revived the claim that the self is constituted by its attachments and that politics concerns the good life, both straight from Aristotle.",{"name":180,"slug":181,"era_marker":182},"Communitarianism","communitarianism","Late 20th century to present",{"relation_type":151,"strength":184,"description":185,"traditions":186},"significant","Rand named Aristotle as the only philosopher she owed anything to, taking the logic, the ethics of flourishing and the confidence that reality is knowable.",{"name":187,"slug":188,"era_marker":189},"Objectivism","objectivism","Mid-20th century to present",{"relation_type":151,"strength":152,"description":191,"traditions":192},"Falsafa is Aristotle read in Arabic. Averroes wrote commentaries so thorough that Latin readers called him simply the Commentator.",{"name":193,"slug":194,"era_marker":195},"Classical Islamic Political Philosophy","classical-islamic-political-philosophy","9th to 12th century"]