[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-xenophon":100,"$fNwBo54YdZD7B4Om2uKgb1qlLNDgoDdBIxa13eNRtd1E":275},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":140,"homeIn":141,"works":190,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":214},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1125,"xenophon","Xenophon","Soldier and student of Socrates who wrote the first mirror for princes, and whose portrait of Cyrus taught Europe how to think about the education of a ruler.","Xenophon was an Athenian gentleman who studied with Socrates, joined a Greek mercenary force fighting for a Persian claimant, and found himself elected to lead ten thousand men home across hostile country after their commanders were murdered. The Anabasis is his account of that march. He was later exiled from Athens, given an estate by Sparta, and spent his later years writing.\n\nFor most of European history he was read more than Thucydides. The reason is the Cyropaedia, a long semi-fictional account of the education and reign of Cyrus the Great, which is not history and does not pretend to be: it is an extended argument about what makes a ruler obeyed willingly. Cyrus succeeds not by force but by making himself the sort of person others want to follow — generous, visibly self-controlled, attentive to the interests of subordinates, and careful that rewards track merit. The book invented a genre. Every mirror for princes written between antiquity and the Renaissance stands downstream of it, and Machiavelli, who cites it, wrote The Prince partly as its refutation: his Cyrus is the one who deceives.\n\nXenophon's Socratic writings are the other half of his importance. The Memorabilia defends Socrates against the charges that killed him by presenting a figure very different from Plato's — practical, concerned with household management and military command as much as with definitions, and useful to his friends. Whether this is the historical Socrates or a domesticated one is an old dispute; what matters is that for centuries this was the Socrates people knew. The Oeconomicus, on the management of an estate, is the earliest sustained European text on what would later be called economics, and gives the word its root.\n\nHis revival in the twentieth century came from an unexpected direction. Leo Strauss read the Hiero, a dialogue in which a poet advises a tyrant on how to be less miserable, as an esoteric treatment of the relation between wisdom and power, and made Xenophon central to a whole school of political reading. The Cyropaedia's claim — that a ruler's authority rests on a manufactured impression of virtue — has looked less naive with every century.",-430,-354,"Greek","writer","Ancient",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},30,"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy","The philosophical tradition that emerged in Greece and Rome between roughly 600 BCE and 500 CE, asking the foundational questions about reality, knowledge, virtue, and the good life.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[135,138],{"source_tradition_id":130,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","The Roman constitution analysed by Polybius and Cicero, and the citizen self-rule Aristotle described, are the tradition's founding materials.",{"source_tradition_id":124,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":139},"The questions are Socratic and the method is the dialogue: what justice is, who should rule, and why anyone should obey.",[],[142,146,148,152,156,160,164,168,172,176,180,184,186],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":147},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":149},{"name":150,"slug":151},"Comparative Politics","comparative-politics",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":153},{"name":154,"slug":155},"Political Rhetoric","political-rhetoric",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":157},{"name":158,"slug":159},"Platonism","platonism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":161},{"name":162,"slug":163},"Scholasticism","scholasticism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":165},{"name":166,"slug":167},"Objectivism","objectivism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":169},{"name":170,"slug":171},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":173},{"name":174,"slug":175},"Islamic Political Thought","islamic-political-thought",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":177},{"name":178,"slug":179},"Skepticism","skepticism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":181},{"name":182,"slug":183},"Moral Philosophy","moral-philosophy",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":185},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":187},{"name":188,"slug":189},"Renaissance Humanism","renaissance-humanism",[191,198,204,208],{"title":192,"year":193,"year_display":194,"description":195,"kind":196,"sort_order":197},"Cyropaedia",-370,"c. 370 BCE","A semi-fictional education of Cyrus the Great that invented the mirror-for-princes genre, and which Machiavelli wrote The Prince partly to refute.","work",1,{"title":199,"year":200,"year_display":201,"description":202,"kind":196,"sort_order":203},"Memorabilia",-371,"c. 371 BCE","A defence of Socrates presenting a practical figure very unlike Plato's, and for centuries the Socrates most readers knew.",2,{"title":205,"year":193,"year_display":194,"description":206,"kind":196,"sort_order":207},"Anabasis","His account of leading ten thousand Greek mercenaries out of Persia after their commanders were murdered.",3,{"title":209,"year":210,"year_display":211,"description":212,"kind":196,"sort_order":213},"Hiero",-360,"c. 360 BCE","A poet advises a tyrant on how to be less miserable; read by Leo Strauss as a treatment of the relation between wisdom and power.",4,[215,219,223,224,228,232,236,240,244,248,251,255,259,263,267,271],{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Thucydides","thucydides",-460,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Plato","plato",-428,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":231},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Epicurus","epicurus",-341,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"Polybius","polybius",-200,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Lucretius","lucretius",-99,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":213},"Seneca","seneca",{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Epictetus","epictetus",50,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Sextus Empiricus","sextus-empiricus",160,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Plotinus","plotinus",204,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Avicenna","avicenna",980,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":274},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"cards":276,"influenced":281,"shapedBy":288,"outbound":203},[277],{"slug":217,"name":216,"type":278,"strength":279,"description":280},"taught","foundational","Xenophon attended Socrates and defended him in the Memorabilia, presenting a practical figure very unlike Plato's and, for centuries, the Socrates most readers knew.",[282,285],{"slug":283,"name":284},"leo-strauss","Leo Strauss",{"slug":286,"name":287},"niccolo-machiavelli","Niccolò Machiavelli",[]]