[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-william-robertson":100,"$fafO4GCGYIb35QcNESxW5e0-aMq1GqTv6zN6Etj5nwGU":214},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":135,"works":143,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":160},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1121,"william-robertson","William Robertson","Principal of Edinburgh University and leader of the Moderate party in the Kirk, who wrote history as the study of how societies change rather than how princes behave.","William Robertson was a parish minister who became Principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1762, Historiographer Royal for Scotland, and for three decades the effective leader of the Moderate party that controlled the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He occupied, in other words, precisely the position an enlightened clergyman could occupy in Scotland and almost nowhere else — orthodox enough to lead the Kirk, liberal enough to defend Hume against attempts to excommunicate him.\n\nHe was also, in his lifetime, the most commercially successful historian in Britain. The History of Scotland of 1759 made his name and a great deal of money; the History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V of 1769 earned an advance that astonished the trade; the History of America followed in 1777. Gibbon named him with Hume as one of the two writers who had shown what English historical prose could do.\n\nWhat distinguishes the work is its subject. Robertson opens the Charles V not with the emperor but with a long preliminary book, A View of the Progress of Society in Europe, which traces the continent from the collapse of Rome through feudal tenure, the growth of towns, the revival of commerce and law, to the state system of the sixteenth century. Only then do the reigns begin. The organising assumption is the stadial one that Kames and Smith were working with at the same moment: that manners, law and government are functions of how a society supports itself, and that political narrative is unintelligible without the social history underneath it. Montesquieu had supplied the method; Robertson was the first to build a large-scale narrative history on it, and the preliminary View was read and translated on its own as a work of social theory.\n\nHis limits are as instructive as his achievements. The History of America is scrupulous about Spanish sources and about the injustice of the conquest, and simultaneously committed to a ranking of societies by stage of development that placed the peoples of the Americas below Europe by definition. The stadial framework that let him write social history rather than court chronicle also supplied the period with one of its most durable instruments for justifying empire, and Robertson used it in both directions without evident strain.",1721,1793,"Scottish","academic","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},51,"Philosophy of History","philosophy-of-history","The systematic philosophical attempt to understand history as a process with meaning and direction.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},7,"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment","The 18th century intellectual movement centered in Edinburgh and Glasgow that produced some of the most important philosophical work of its era.",[],[130],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"German Idealism","german-idealism",[136,141],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"reacts_against",{"name":139,"slug":140},"History of Ideas","history-of-ideas",{"relation_type":131,"traditions":142},{"name":139,"slug":140},[144,150,155],{"title":145,"year":146,"year_display":112,"description":147,"kind":148,"sort_order":149},"The History of Scotland",1759,"The book that made his name and his fortune, and the first to treat the reign of Mary as a problem of evidence rather than of allegiance.","work",1,{"title":151,"year":152,"year_display":112,"description":153,"kind":148,"sort_order":154},"The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V",1769,"Opens with A View of the Progress of Society in Europe, a social history of the continent from the fall of Rome that was read and translated as a work of theory in its own right.",2,{"title":156,"year":157,"year_display":112,"description":158,"kind":148,"sort_order":159},"The History of America",1777,"Scrupulous about its Spanish sources and about the injustice of the conquest, and committed throughout to a ranking of peoples by stage of development.",3,[161,165,169,173,177,181,182,186,190,194,198,202,206,210],{"name":162,"slug":163,"birth_year":164},"Thucydides","thucydides",-460,{"name":166,"slug":167,"birth_year":168},"Polybius","polybius",-200,{"name":170,"slug":171,"birth_year":172},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":174,"slug":175,"birth_year":176},"Ibn Khaldun","ibn-khaldun",1332,{"name":178,"slug":179,"birth_year":180},"Henry Home, Lord Kames","lord-kames",1696,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"G.W.F. Hegel","g-w-f-hegel",1770,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"John Dewey","john-dewey",1859,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"Oswald Spengler","oswald-spengler",1880,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"José Ortega y Gasset","jose-ortega-y-gasset",1883,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Antonio Gramsci","antonio-gramsci",1891,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Karl Popper","karl-popper",1902,{"cards":215,"influenced":222,"shapedBy":223,"outbound":224},[216],{"slug":217,"name":218,"type":219,"strength":220,"description":221},"charles-de-montesquieu","Charles de Montesquieu","influenced","significant","The View of the Progress of Society in Europe applies Montesquieu's method — manners and law as functions of social condition — to a large-scale narrative history for the first time.",[],[],0]