[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-walter-bagehot":100,"$fp88GjEvEiBeMQxt82mWl1Ljw2taoBrNHWPWn8Zj0Yzk":218},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":146,"works":147,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":167},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1227,"walter-bagehot","Walter Bagehot","Editor of the Economist, who described the English constitution as it actually worked rather than as it was drawn, and told central banks how to stop a panic.","Walter Bagehot was a banker who edited the Economist for seventeen years and wrote about politics with the detachment of someone who understood that institutions are run by people with ordinary motives.\n\nThe English Constitution of 1867 discards the textbook account — king, Lords and Commons balancing one another, powers separated — as a description of something that had not existed for a century. What actually governs is the cabinet, a committee of the legislature chosen to be the executive, and the efficient secret of the constitution is precisely this fusion of executive and legislative power rather than their separation. He divides institutions into the dignified parts, which excite and preserve the reverence of the population, and the efficient parts, which do the work; the monarchy is dignified and indispensable for that reason, because a people that will not obey a committee will obey a queen. The sovereign retains three rights and only three: to be consulted, to encourage, and to warn.\n\nHe was writing as the second Reform Act passed and was frankly alarmed by it. The deference that made the system work depended on the many accepting the rule of the few, and he doubted it would survive an enlarged electorate — a judgement that reads badly now but which forced him to explain the psychological rather than legal foundations of political authority, which is why the book lasted.\n\nLombard Street of 1873 did for finance what the earlier book did for politics. In a panic, Bagehot wrote, the Bank of England must lend early and freely, to solvent firms, against good collateral, at a penalty rate. The rule was formulated because the Bank had repeatedly done the opposite, and it is still cited by name in every modern financial crisis; central banks that followed it in 2008 said so.\n\nPhysics and Politics applied evolutionary ideas to political development and is the weakest of the three, but its account of how societies must first acquire a cake of custom and then find a way to break it without disintegrating is a real question.\n\nWoodrow Wilson's Congressional Government is Bagehot's method turned on the American system, and says so.",1826,1877,"English","writer","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},48,"Comparative Politics","comparative-politics","The systematic study of how political institutions, customs, and practices vary across different societies and historical periods.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},46,"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought","The tradition of political analysis committed to individual liberty, constitutional government, and limited state power, while increasingly aware of the complexities of mass democratic society.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},13,"Political Economy","political-economy","The intellectual tradition that treats economics, politics, and social structure as a single integrated subject of inquiry.",[],[136,141],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",{"relation_type":142,"traditions":143},"converges_with",{"name":144,"slug":145},"Political Sociology","political-sociology",[],[148,155,161],{"title":149,"year":150,"year_display":151,"description":152,"kind":153,"sort_order":154},"The English Constitution",1867,"1867","The efficient secret is the fusion of executive and legislative power in the cabinet; the monarchy is dignified and indispensable for being so.","work",1,{"title":156,"year":157,"year_display":158,"description":159,"kind":153,"sort_order":160},"Lombard Street",1873,"1873","In a panic the central bank must lend early and freely, to solvent firms, on good collateral, at a penalty rate. Still cited by name in every crisis.",2,{"title":162,"year":163,"year_display":164,"description":165,"kind":153,"sort_order":166},"Physics and Politics",1872,"1872","How societies acquire a cake of custom and then must find a way to break it without disintegrating.",3,[168,172,176,180,181,185,189,193,197,201,205,209,212,215],{"name":169,"slug":170,"birth_year":171},"Charles de Montesquieu","charles-de-montesquieu",1689,{"name":173,"slug":174,"birth_year":175},"John Millar","john-millar",1735,{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"Alexis de Tocqueville","alexis-de-tocqueville",1805,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":182,"slug":183,"birth_year":184},"Woodrow Wilson","woodrow-wilson",1856,{"name":186,"slug":187,"birth_year":188},"Gaetano Mosca","gaetano-mosca",1858,{"name":190,"slug":191,"birth_year":192},"Roberto Michels","roberto-michels",1876,{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"Jeane Kirkpatrick","jeane-kirkpatrick",1926,{"name":198,"slug":199,"birth_year":200},"Samuel Huntington","samuel-huntington",1927,{"name":202,"slug":203,"birth_year":204},"John Judis","john-judis",1941,{"name":206,"slug":207,"birth_year":208},"Daron Acemoglu","daron-acemoglu",1967,{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":112},"Paul Collier","paul-collier",{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":112},"Ivan Krastev","ivan-krastev",{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":112},"Dominic Cummings","dominic-cummings",{"cards":219,"influenced":220,"shapedBy":222,"outbound":154},[],[221],{"slug":183,"name":182},[]]