[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-thomas-reid":100,"$fVsQ3mBjLUmFXMR0AC_YZ6AhClr715pbu_dV3g6EK-6Y":230},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":135,"works":140,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":157},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1119,"thomas-reid","Thomas Reid","The founder of common-sense philosophy, who answered Hume by rejecting the premise both empiricists and rationalists had shared: that the mind perceives ideas rather than things.","Thomas Reid was a parish minister at New Machar for fifteen years, then a regent at King's College, Aberdeen, and in 1764 succeeded Adam Smith in the chair of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow, which he held for eighteen years. He published almost nothing until he was fifty-four and then produced, across three books over twenty-four years, the most sustained alternative to the epistemology that had dominated European philosophy since Descartes.\n\nReid's route into philosophy was reading Hume. He said the Treatise dislodged him from opinions he had held without examination, and that he could find no fault in the reasoning — which left the conclusion, that we have no rational warrant for believing in bodies, in causes, or in a continuing self, and that only habit saves us from paralysis. Reid took the argument to be valid and therefore concluded that a premise must be false. The premise he identified was the one nobody had thought to question: the theory of ideas, according to which the immediate object of perception is not the tree but a representation of the tree in the mind. Grant that, he argued, and scepticism follows inexorably, because no comparison between the representation and the thing is ever possible. Descartes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume differ only in how far down the road they were willing to walk.\n\nHis alternative is direct realism. In perception the mind is acquainted with the object itself; sensation is a sign that suggests the quality rather than a picture that resembles it. Alongside this he set an account of first principles — that our faculties are not fallacious, that there is a real world, that other minds exist, that the past occurred — which are not conclusions from evidence but the conditions of any evidence counting for anything. To demand a proof of them is to misunderstand what proof is. Reid called these the principles of common sense, and the label has done him damage ever since, suggesting an appeal to the opinions of the plain man rather than what it was: an argument that every philosophical system rests on commitments it cannot itself establish.\n\nHe extended the same approach to action in the Essays on the Active Powers, defending an agent-causal account of freedom against the necessitarians. His influence was enormous and largely indirect. Dugald Stewart, his student, made the position the standard teaching of the Scottish universities for a generation; through Stewart it reached the French spiritualists and, through the colleges of Princeton and beyond, became the working philosophy of American academic life well into the nineteenth century.",1710,1796,"Scottish","philosopher","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},8,"Moral Philosophy","moral-philosophy","The discipline of reflecting systematically on ethics, virtue, and the conditions of a good life.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},7,"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment","The 18th century intellectual movement centered in Edinburgh and Glasgow that produced some of the most important philosophical work of its era.",[],[130],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[136],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":137},{"name":138,"slug":139},"Political Economy","political-economy",[141,147,152],{"title":142,"year":143,"year_display":112,"description":144,"kind":145,"sort_order":146},"An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense",1764,"Identifies the theory of ideas as the shared premise that makes Hume's scepticism unanswerable, and rejects it: perception acquaints us with things, not with pictures of things.","work",1,{"title":148,"year":149,"year_display":112,"description":150,"kind":145,"sort_order":151},"Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man",1785,"The systematic statement of direct realism and of the first principles that any enquiry must presuppose rather than prove.",2,{"title":153,"year":154,"year_display":112,"description":155,"kind":145,"sort_order":156},"Essays on the Active Powers of Man",1788,"Extends the argument to agency, defending genuine causal power in the agent against the necessitarian account of motive and action.",3,[158,162,166,170,174,178,182,186,190,191,195,199,202,206,210,214,218,222,226],{"name":159,"slug":160,"birth_year":161},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":163,"slug":164,"birth_year":165},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":167,"slug":168,"birth_year":169},"Seneca","seneca",4,{"name":171,"slug":172,"birth_year":173},"Epictetus","epictetus",50,{"name":175,"slug":176,"birth_year":177},"Peter Abelard","peter-abelard",1079,{"name":179,"slug":180,"birth_year":181},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Francis Hutcheson","francis-hutcheson",1694,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Henry Home, Lord Kames","lord-kames",1696,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Adam Smith","adam-smith",1723,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Dugald Stewart","dugald-stewart",1753,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":154},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Reinhold Niebuhr","reinhold-niebuhr",1892,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Peter Singer","peter-singer",1946,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":225},"Nick Bostrom","nick-bostrom",1973,{"name":227,"slug":228,"birth_year":229},"Eliezer Yudkowsky","eliezer-yudkowsky",1979,{"cards":231,"influenced":232,"shapedBy":237,"outbound":146},[],[233,236],{"slug":234,"name":235},"david-hume","David Hume",{"slug":197,"name":196},[]]