[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-theodor-adorno":100,"$frol7ki6h0p4g":124,"thinker-stance-theodor-adorno":113},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":11,"name":12},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":14,"name":15},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":35,"name":36},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":38,"name":39},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":41,"name":42},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":53,"name":54},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":59,"name":60},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":62,"name":63},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":65,"name":66},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":68,"name":69},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":77,"name":78},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":80,"name":81},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":86,"name":87},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":89,"name":90},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":95,"name":96},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":98,"name":99},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":114,"traditions":118,"traditionLinks":119,"homeOut":120,"homeIn":121,"works":122,"homeTradition":113,"siblings":123},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":113},1321,"theodor-adorno","Theodor Adorno","Theodor Adorno was a Frankfurt School philosopher who argued that mass culture and an administered society wear down the independent judgment a democracy depends on.","Theodor W. Adorno was born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund in Frankfurt am Main on September 11, 1903, the only child of a wealthy wine merchant of assimilated Jewish background and a Catholic singer of Corsican descent. He studied philosophy in Frankfurt and composition with Alban Berg in Vienna, and completed his Habilitation on Kierkegaard's aesthetics in 1931. Two years later the Nazi regime expelled him from the university along with other scholars of Jewish heritage or on the left. He left Germany in 1934 and spent the Nazi years in Oxford, New York and southern California.\n\nIn exile he wrote, with Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, circulated in 1944 and published in 1947. The book argues that reason, in its drive to master nature, turns into new forms of domination. Its best-known chapter describes a \"culture industry\" in which entertainment is produced as standardized commodities: \"Film, radio, and magazines form a system.\" Adorno had studied radio music and recordings while working for Paul Lazarsfeld's Princeton Radio Project, and he concluded that mass culture reinforces the existing order and discourages independent judgment. He was also one of the authors of The Authoritarian Personality (1950), a collaborative Berkeley study that used questionnaire scales, among them an \"F scale\" for fascist tendencies, to detect a personality type susceptible to fascism and anti-Semitism.\n\nAdorno returned to Frankfurt in 1949, became a central figure of the Institute for Social Research, and succeeded Horkheimer as its director in 1958. He quickly became one of West Germany's leading public intellectuals, arguing that the conditions that had made Nazism possible persisted in the new democracy. In Negative Dialectics (1966) he wrote that Hitler had imposed \"a new categorical imperative\" on humanity: to arrange thought and action \"so that Auschwitz will not repeat itself.\" His political hopes rested less on parties or revolution than on education, since a democratic society, he argued, needs adults who judge and decide consciously for themselves.\n\nIn the 1960s some organizers of the student movement looked to him for support. Unlike Herbert Marcuse, he declined to endorse it, judging that direct revolutionary action had little chance of success and distinguishing reasonable political action from what he called \"pseudo-activity.\" He drew fire from student activists and from their right-wing critics alike. He died of a heart attack on August 6, 1969, a month short of his sixty-sixth birthday. Aesthetic Theory, on which he had worked through the 1960s, appeared the following year.",1903,1969,"German","philosopher","20th Century","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Ftheodor-adorno.webp",null,[115],{"archetype_slug":29,"strength":116,"description":117},5,"Your suspicion that entertainment can do the work of conformity has a source in the culture-industry chapter of Dialectic of Enlightenment. Adorno held that democracy needs adults able to judge and decide for themselves, and that standardized mass culture erodes exactly that capacity.",[],[],[],[],[],[],{"cards":125,"influenced":126,"shapedBy":127,"outbound":128},[],[],[],0]