[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-sidney-webb":100,"$fZGynwuefgjZXMXAmvqn21l62qbllWjxQCu9Wfacc2_I":329},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":143,"works":146,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":166},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1235,"sidney-webb","Sidney Webb","Fabian who wrote Labour's constitution and Clause IV, founded the LSE, and argued that socialism would arrive by the inevitability of gradualness.","Sidney Webb was a colonial office clerk who joined the Fabian Society in 1885, married Beatrice Potter in 1892, and with her spent fifty years producing the research on which British social policy was built — the histories of trade unionism and industrial democracy, the nine-volume study of English local government, the minority report of the Poor Law Commission of 1909 that first proposed a national minimum below which nobody should fall.\n\nFabian strategy rejected both revolution and the building of alternative communities in favour of what Webb called permeation: work through existing institutions, supply the facts, staff the committees, and let the logic of administration do the rest. Socialism, on this account, was not a rupture but the direction in which industrial society was already moving — municipal gas and water, factory inspection, compulsory education, public health — and the task was to accelerate and rationalise it. The inevitability of gradualness is his phrase, from his presidential address to the Labour Party in 1923.\n\nHe built institutions rather than movements. The London School of Economics, founded in 1895 with a legacy left to the Fabians, was intended to produce the trained administrators the new state would need. He served on the London County Council for eighteen years, reorganised London's secondary and technical education, and helped found the New Statesman.\n\nIn 1918 he drafted Labour and the New Social Order, the party's first full programme, and the constitution containing Clause IV — common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange — which remained Labour's formal objective until 1995 and was the text every subsequent argument about the party's purpose fought over.\n\nHis judgement failed him at the end. The Webbs visited the Soviet Union in 1932 and produced Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation, a long and admiring account written from official material at the height of collectivisation and famine, with the question mark dropped from the title in the second edition. It is the standard example of what technocratic enthusiasm for administration can be persuaded to overlook.",1859,1947,"English","politician","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},464,"Democratic Socialism","democratic-socialism","The socialist tradition that seeks to transform capitalism into a democratically-controlled economy through constitutional and electoral means, rejecting both the laissez-faire market and the one-party revolutionary state.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},470,"Progressivism","progressivism","The reforming tradition that holds social problems are solvable through expertise, regulation and an active state, and that institutions should be continuously improved rather than preserved.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},472,"Social Democracy","social-democracy","The tradition that accepts a capitalist economy while committing to tax it, regulate it and build universal welfare on top of it — reform rather than replacement.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":130,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Shares Bernstein's ancestry and its rejection of the Leninist road, then parts company by concluding the ownership of productive assets need not change.",[139],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Marxism","marxism",[144],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":145},{"name":131,"slug":132},[147,154,160],{"title":148,"year":149,"year_display":150,"description":151,"kind":152,"sort_order":153},"Labour and the New Social Order",1918,"1918","Labour's first full programme, and the constitution containing Clause IV — common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange.","work",1,{"title":155,"year":156,"year_display":157,"description":158,"kind":152,"sort_order":159},"Industrial Democracy",1897,"1897","With Beatrice Webb: how trade unions actually function, and the case for a national minimum below which nobody should fall.",2,{"title":161,"year":162,"year_display":163,"description":164,"kind":152,"sort_order":165},"Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?",1935,"1935","The admiring account written from official material at the height of collectivisation; the question mark was dropped in the second edition.",3,[167,171,175,179,183,187,191,195,199,203,204,208,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,247,251,255,259,262,266,270,274,278,282,286,290,294,297,301,304,308,311,314,317,320,323,326],{"name":168,"slug":169,"birth_year":170},"Henri de Saint-Simon","henri-de-saint-simon",1760,{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"Robert Owen","robert-owen",1771,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Charles Fourier","charles-fourier",1772,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Louis Blanc","louis-blanc",1811,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"Ferdinand Lassalle","ferdinand-lassalle",1825,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"William Morris","william-morris",1834,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Eduard Bernstein","eduard-bernstein",1850,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Karl Kautsky","karl-kautsky",1854,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Eugene V. Debs","eugene-v-debs",1855,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"R.H. Tawney","rh-tawney",1880,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"William Temple","william-temple",1881,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Clement Attlee","clement-attlee",1883,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"Karl Polanyi","karl-polanyi",1886,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"Salvador Allende","salvador-allende",1908,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Bayard Rustin","bayard-rustin",1912,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":231},"Paulo Freire","paulo-freire",1921,{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Tony Benn","tony-benn",1925,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"Olof Palme","olof-palme",1927,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Desmond Tutu","desmond-tutu",1931,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":243},"Mikhail Gorbachev","mikhail-gorbachev",{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Gar Alperovitz","gar-alperovitz",1936,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Bernie Sanders","bernie-sanders",1941,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"Richard Wolff","richard-wolff",1942,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":108},"Adolph Reed Jr.","adolph-reed-jr",{"name":263,"slug":264,"birth_year":265},"Jim Wallis","jim-wallis",1948,{"name":267,"slug":268,"birth_year":269},"Jeremy Corbyn","jeremy-corbyn",1949,{"name":271,"slug":272,"birth_year":273},"Jean-Claude Michéa","jean-claude-michea",1950,{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"Naomi Klein","naomi-klein",1970,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Thomas Piketty","thomas-piketty",1971,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Ben Burgis","ben-burgis",1980,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Nathan Schneider","nathan-schneider",1984,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Matt Bruenig","matt-bruenig",1988,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":293},"Natalie Wynn","natalie-wynn",{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":300},"Bhaskar Sunkara","bhaskar-sunkara",1989,{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":300},"Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez","alexandria-ocasio-cortez",{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":307},"Hasan Piker","hasan-piker",1991,{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":307},"Zohran Mamdani","zohran-mamdani",{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":112},"Branko Horvat","branko-horvat",{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":112},"Jaroslav Vanek","jaroslav-vanek",{"name":318,"slug":319,"birth_year":112},"John Roemer","john-roemer",{"name":321,"slug":322,"birth_year":112},"Oskar Lange","oskar-lange",{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":112},"David Schweickart","david-schweickart",{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":112},"Amber A'Lee Frost","amber-alee-frost",{"cards":330,"influenced":331,"shapedBy":336,"outbound":153},[],[332,333],{"slug":214,"name":213},{"slug":334,"name":335},"karl-marx","Karl Marx",[]]