[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-samuel-rutherford":100,"$fT8vw30dEHqNGdDZElg8SLxeAibMU31Epjh9_d2uvjpo":339},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":167,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":175},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1172,"samuel-rutherford","Samuel Rutherford","Covenanting divine whose Lex, Rex argued that the king is under the law and holds power on a conditional trust from the people who may reclaim it.","Samuel Rutherford was a Presbyterian minister at Anwoth, exiled to Aberdeen for refusing episcopacy, Professor of Divinity at St Andrews, and one of the Scottish commissioners to the Westminster Assembly. Lex, Rex was published in 1644 during the civil war; at the Restoration it was burned by the hangman and he was charged with treason, escaping trial only by dying first.\n\nThe title states the case: the law is king, not the king law. Rutherford argues that political power comes from God in the sense that human nature is God's creation and society is natural to it, but that no particular ruler holds power except by the people's designation. Sovereignty is originally in the community; the people constitute the king by a covenant that is conditional on his performing the office; and what is given conditionally may be resumed when the condition fails. He is precise that the king is a fiduciary, holding power as a trust for the good of those who conferred it, and that a trust abused is forfeit.\n\nFrom this he draws the conclusions the Restoration found unforgivable. A tyrant may be resisted by force. Resistance need not wait on the whole people acting together, since inferior magistrates and even private persons defending themselves against unjust violence act lawfully. The king has no power over conscience in matters of religion. And the covenant binds both parties: a ruler who breaks it is no longer to be obeyed in the things he commands contrary to it.\n\nThe framework is Calvinist resistance theory of the kind Althusius had systematised, sharpened by a lawyer's attention to the mechanics of trust and conditional grant, and pressed by a man whose church was at that moment fighting for its existence. Its afterlife is longest in the places the Covenanters reached: the argument descends through the Scottish and Ulster Presbyterian tradition to the American colonies, where Lex, Rex circulated in the revolutionary decades and where its account of conditional, forfeitable authority was congenial to men making the same case against another Stuart's successor.",1600,1661,"Scottish","theologian","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[142,146,150,154,158,162],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":147},{"name":148,"slug":149},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":163,"traditions":164},"reacts_against",{"name":165,"slug":166},"Political Realism","political-realism",[168],{"title":169,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":172,"kind":173,"sort_order":174},"Lex, Rex",1644,"1644","The law is king: sovereignty is originally in the community, the king holds it on a conditional trust, and a trust abused is forfeit. Burned by the hangman in 1661.","work",1,[176,180,184,188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,219,223,227,231,235,239,240,244,248,252,256,260,264,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336],{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":215},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Francisco Suárez","francisco-suarez",1548,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":251},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":253,"slug":254,"birth_year":255},"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz",1646,{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":259},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":261,"slug":262,"birth_year":263},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":265,"slug":266,"birth_year":267},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":299},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":303},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":307},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":311},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":313,"slug":314,"birth_year":315},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":317,"slug":318,"birth_year":319},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":321,"slug":322,"birth_year":323},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":325,"slug":326,"birth_year":327},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":340,"influenced":345,"shapedBy":346,"outbound":347},[341],{"slug":221,"name":220,"type":342,"strength":343,"description":344},"influenced","foundational","Lex, Rex is Calvinist resistance theory sharpened by a lawyer's attention to conditional grant: power conferred on terms may be resumed when the terms fail.",[],[],0]