[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-samuel-pufendorf":100,"$f8mY7_mZYR6FrVuDuOrIc1mXcPxyFzLBZ_GvN0vDiHp4":345},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":143,"works":167,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":181},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1180,"samuel-pufendorf","Samuel Pufendorf","The jurist who made natural law a teachable science of sociability and duty, and whose textbooks trained Europe and America in the language of rights and contract.","Samuel Pufendorf held the first chair of the law of nature and nations anywhere in Europe, at Heidelberg from 1661, and later taught at Lund and served as historiographer to the Swedish and Brandenburg crowns. His importance is less originality than consolidation and transmission: he took what Grotius and Hobbes had done and made it into a system that could be taught, and it was taught almost everywhere for a century.\n\nHis foundation is sociability. Human beings are weak, needy and dangerous to one another, and cannot survive outside society; the fundamental law of nature is therefore that everyone should cultivate and maintain a sociable attitude toward others, and every particular duty is derived from it. This is a deliberate middle course. Against Hobbes he denies that the state of nature is a war of all against all, holding it a state of peace, though a precarious and miserable one. Against Grotius he insists more firmly that obligation requires a superior's command, so that natural law binds because God imposes it, not merely because reason perceives it.\n\nHe separates moral entities from physical ones — status, office, obligation, property are imposed on the world by will rather than found in it, which makes the moral order a human and divine construction rather than a natural fact, and lets him treat law as a distinct science with its own objects. He then constructs the state through two contracts and a decree: an agreement to associate, a decision on the form of government, and an agreement between rulers and ruled fixing the terms. The ruler's authority is accordingly conditional in a way Hobbes's is not, though Pufendorf is cautious about resistance.\n\nThe transmission is his real significance. De Officio Hominis et Civis, the abridgement he wrote for students, was translated into every major European language and became the standard university text on ethics and politics. Locke recommended it as the best book of its kind for a gentleman's education. Hutcheson lectured on it at Glasgow and Smith heard those lectures; Barbeyrac's French edition with its enormous notes carried it to the philosophes; Blackstone drew on it; and it was on the curriculum at Harvard, Yale and William and Mary, which is much of how the vocabulary of natural rights, contract and the duties of sovereigns became second nature to the American founding generation.",1632,1694,"German","jurist","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},9,"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory","The tradition that grounds political legitimacy in a hypothetical agreement among free individuals about the terms of their common life.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":130,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Rights held prior to government — the premise the contract theorists start from — is a natural-law inheritance, even where they secularise it.",[139],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[144,148,150,154,158,162],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":145},{"name":146,"slug":147},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":149},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":163,"traditions":164},"reacts_against",{"name":165,"slug":166},"Political Realism","political-realism",[168,175],{"title":169,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":172,"kind":173,"sort_order":174},"De Jure Naturae et Gentium",1672,"1672","Grounds all duty in sociability, steering between Hobbes's war of all and Grotius's reason alone, and constructs the state through two contracts and a decree.","work",1,{"title":176,"year":177,"year_display":178,"description":179,"kind":173,"sort_order":180},"De Officio Hominis et Civis",1673,"1673","The student abridgement that became the standard university text on ethics and politics across Europe and colonial America.",2,[182,186,190,194,198,202,206,210,214,218,222,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,258,262,266,270,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,326,330,334,338,342],{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":221},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Francisco Suárez","francisco-suarez",1548,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":259,"slug":260,"birth_year":261},"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz",1646,{"name":263,"slug":264,"birth_year":265},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":267,"slug":268,"birth_year":269},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":271,"slug":272,"birth_year":273},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":325},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":333},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":335,"slug":336,"birth_year":337},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":339,"slug":340,"birth_year":341},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":343,"slug":344,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":346,"influenced":351,"shapedBy":358,"outbound":180},[347],{"slug":243,"name":242,"type":348,"strength":349,"description":350},"influenced","foundational","Pufendorf systematised Grotius, insisting more firmly that obligation requires a superior's command rather than reason's perception alone.",[352,355],{"slug":353,"name":354},"adam-smith","Adam Smith",{"slug":356,"name":357},"jean-jacques-rousseau","Jean-Jacques Rousseau",[]]