[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-robert-filmer":100,"$f9OFcczX1ow2zwJdDi0JER2LSZRKSNuNcDn6gSMeI8UY":421},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":135,"works":136,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":150},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1171,"robert-filmer","Robert Filmer","The theorist of patriarchal kingship whose Patriarcha denied that men are born free — and whose argument Locke and Sidney each wrote a book to destroy.","Robert Filmer was a Kentish gentleman and royalist who wrote in the 1630s and 40s and published little in his lifetime. Patriarcha appeared in 1680, twenty-seven years after his death, when the exclusion crisis made it useful; it is remembered because the two most important works of English political theory in the following decade were written to refute it.\n\nHis argument begins by denying the premise every rival theory assumed. Men are not born free and equal. Everyone is born subject — to a father — and paternal authority is not contractual, consented to, or revocable. God gave Adam dominion over Eve and over the earth, that dominion descended by generation to the patriarchs and thence to kings, who are fathers of their peoples and hold their authority by the same title. Kingship is therefore natural, not instituted; it is prior to and the source of the family's law rather than a construction of free men; and there never was a state of nature in which anyone was at liberty to consent to anything.\n\nThe negative half is more effective than the positive. Filmer presses hard on the difficulties of consent theory and asks questions his opponents had evaded: when did this original contract occur, who were the parties, why should the agreement of ancestors bind descendants, why should a majority bind a dissenting minority, and how could a scattered multitude ever have assembled to make it. He observes that if the whole world's people must consent, no legitimate government has ever existed. Locke and Sidney both found these questions harder than they admitted.\n\nHe named his real targets precisely: the Jesuits Bellarmine and Suárez, who had argued that political power comes from God to the community and reaches the ruler by consent, and the Calvinist resistance theorists who said the same in another idiom. Filmer saw that popery and puritanism had converged on a single doctrine, and set out to deny its foundation.\n\nSidney answered with the Discourses Concerning Government and was executed with the manuscript used as evidence against him. Locke answered with the First Treatise, an exhaustive demolition of the scriptural genealogy, before building his own case in the Second. Filmer lost the argument so completely that the First Treatise is now rarely read — which obscures how seriously he had to be taken.",1588,1653,"English","writer","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",[],[130],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[],[137,144],{"title":138,"year":139,"year_display":140,"description":141,"kind":142,"sort_order":143},"Patriarcha",1680,"written c. 1630; published 1680","Denies that men are born free: authority is paternal, descends from Adam, and is neither contractual nor revocable.","work",1,{"title":145,"year":146,"year_display":147,"description":148,"kind":142,"sort_order":149},"Observations Concerning the Originall of Government",1652,"1652","Attacks Hobbes, Milton and Grotius, pressing the difficulties of consent theory that his opponents had evaded.",2,[151,155,159,163,167,171,175,179,183,187,191,195,199,203,207,210,214,218,222,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267,271,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,326,330,333,337,341,345,349,353,357,361,365,369,373,377,380,384,387,391,395,399,403,407,411,415,418],{"name":152,"slug":153,"birth_year":154},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":156,"slug":157,"birth_year":158},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":160,"slug":161,"birth_year":162},"Xenophon","xenophon",-430,{"name":164,"slug":165,"birth_year":166},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":168,"slug":169,"birth_year":170},"Al-Farabi","al-farabi",872,{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Marsilius of Padua","marsilius-of-padua",1275,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"William of Ockham","william-of-ockham",1287,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"Petrarch","petrarch",1304,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Leonardo Bruni","leonardo-bruni",1370,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":206},"Étienne de La Boétie","etienne-de-la-boetie",{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Francis Bacon","francis-bacon",1561,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Johannes Althusius","johannes-althusius",1563,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"James Harrington","james-harrington",1611,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"Pierre Bayle","pierre-bayle",1647,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Giambattista Vico","giambattista-vico",1668,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":270},"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","pierre-joseph-proudhon",{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"Herbert Spencer","herbert-spencer",1820,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Georges Sorel","georges-sorel",1847,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Eduard Bernstein","eduard-bernstein",1850,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Vladimir Lenin","vladimir-lenin",1870,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"Oswald Spengler","oswald-spengler",1880,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"José Ortega y Gasset","jose-ortega-y-gasset",1883,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"Walter Lippmann","walter-lippmann",1889,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":325},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":329},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",{"name":334,"slug":335,"birth_year":336},"Karl Popper","karl-popper",1902,{"name":338,"slug":339,"birth_year":340},"George Orwell","george-orwell",1903,{"name":342,"slug":343,"birth_year":344},"Raymond Aron","raymond-aron",1905,{"name":346,"slug":347,"birth_year":348},"Hannah Arendt","hannah-arendt",1906,{"name":350,"slug":351,"birth_year":352},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":354,"slug":355,"birth_year":356},"Albert Camus","albert-camus",1913,{"name":358,"slug":359,"birth_year":360},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":362,"slug":363,"birth_year":364},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":366,"slug":367,"birth_year":368},"John Rawls","john-rawls",1921,{"name":370,"slug":371,"birth_year":372},"Judith Shklar","judith-shklar",1928,{"name":374,"slug":375,"birth_year":376},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":376},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":383},"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor",1931,{"name":385,"slug":386,"birth_year":383},"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty",{"name":388,"slug":389,"birth_year":390},"Michael Walzer","michael-walzer",1935,{"name":392,"slug":393,"birth_year":394},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":398},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":400,"slug":401,"birth_year":402},"Martha Nussbaum","martha-nussbaum",1947,{"name":404,"slug":405,"birth_year":406},"Francis Fukuyama","francis-fukuyama",1952,{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":410},"Michael Sandel","michael-sandel",1953,{"name":412,"slug":413,"birth_year":414},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":416,"slug":417,"birth_year":112},"G.A. Cohen","ga-cohen",{"name":419,"slug":420,"birth_year":112},"Amy Gutmann","amy-gutmann",{"cards":422,"influenced":429,"shapedBy":434,"outbound":435},[423],{"slug":424,"name":425,"type":426,"strength":427,"description":428},"robert-bellarmine","Robert Bellarmine","opposed","foundational","Filmer names Bellarmine on the first page as the author of the doctrine he is refuting: that political power comes from God to the people and reaches the ruler by their consent.",[430,431],{"slug":233,"name":232},{"slug":432,"name":433},"john-locke","John Locke",[],0]