[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-robert-bellarmine":100,"$ft-fK_9dn3JgAFWoBxO9NeZLpvEsByU0ztAMmcaMIRp4":311},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":177},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1157,"robert-bellarmine","Robert Bellarmine","The Jesuit cardinal who defended papal authority as indirect rather than temporal, argued that kings hold power from the people, and became the target Filmer wrote against.","Robert Bellarmine was the Catholic Reformation's ablest controversialist, professor at the Roman College, cardinal, and the church's official examiner in the cases of both Giordano Bruno and Galileo — he signed the 1616 admonition, while privately allowing that if real proof of the earth's motion were produced the scriptures would have to be reinterpreted.\n\nHis Disputations on the Controversies of the Christian Faith is a systematic engagement with Protestant positions, and it made his reputation. But his political significance lies in a doctrine that satisfied nobody. Against Protestant claims for the royal supremacy he held that the pope has authority over temporal rulers; against the extreme papalist tradition running from Giles of Rome he denied that this authority is direct or that the pope is temporal lord of the world. The pope's temporal power is indirect: it arises only where spiritual ends require it, permitting him in extremity to release subjects from allegiance to a ruler who endangers the faith. Papal absolutists thought this a betrayal, and Sixtus V put the relevant volume on the Index.\n\nThe premise underneath it was more explosive than the conclusion. Bellarmine argued that political authority comes from God to the people, and from the people to the ruler by their consent — that no particular form of government is divinely ordained, that the community may change its constitution for good reason, and that kings therefore hold their power from those they govern. He was arguing for a limit on kings in the interest of the church, but the argument stood free of that purpose.\n\nJames I of England answered him personally. Robert Filmer wrote Patriarcha explicitly to destroy the position, naming Bellarmine and Suárez as its authors — and since Locke wrote the First Treatise to destroy Filmer, the doctrine that power originates in the community entered English constitutional argument by way of the Jesuit whom Protestant England most detested. Jefferson's phrasing in the Declaration has been traced to the same lineage, though the route is disputed.",1542,1621,"Italian","theologian","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},35,"Scholasticism","scholasticism","The medieval intellectual tradition that combined classical philosophy with Christian theology through rigorous logical analysis.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Aquinas gave the tradition its systematic form, grounding law in reason and the common good; the School of Salamanca extended it to conquest and just war.",[139,141,145,150],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"Disputations on the Controversies of the Christian Faith",1593,"1586-93","The systematic Catholic engagement with Protestant positions, and the work that made his reputation across Europe.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":173,"year_display":174,"description":175,"kind":169,"sort_order":176},"De Potestate Summi Pontificis",1610,"1610","Papal temporal authority is indirect, arising only where spiritual ends require it — a position Sixtus V put on the Index.",2,[178,182,186,190,194,198,202,206,210,214,218,222,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267,271,275,279,283,287,291,295,299,302,305,308],{"name":179,"slug":180,"birth_year":181},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",1483,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Lord Acton","lord-acton",1834,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":274},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":276,"slug":277,"birth_year":278},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":280,"slug":281,"birth_year":282},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":284,"slug":285,"birth_year":286},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":290},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":292,"slug":293,"birth_year":294},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":296,"slug":297,"birth_year":298},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":306,"slug":307,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":312,"influenced":313,"shapedBy":320,"outbound":170},[],[314,317],{"slug":315,"name":316},"francisco-suarez","Francisco Suárez",{"slug":318,"name":319},"robert-filmer","Robert Filmer",[]]