[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-richard-hooker":100,"$fZRWwruiDme8_gO72tAtuFdlXwC94GzG0rZEsc7OROtY":338},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":167,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":175},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1159,"richard-hooker","Richard Hooker","The Elizabethan divine whose Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity defended the English settlement by reason and consent, and whom Locke cites as the judicious Hooker.","Richard Hooker was Master of the Temple and then a country parson, and he wrote the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity against Presbyterian critics who held that scripture prescribes a single form of church government binding on all Christians at all times. His reply became the foundation of Anglican political theology and, unexpectedly, a source for English constitutionalism.\n\nHis argument begins several steps further back than the quarrel required. There is an eternal law by which God works; from it derive the law of nature governing physical things, the law of reason governing rational creatures, divine law revealed in scripture, and human law made by societies. Each governs its own province. Scripture is sufficient for salvation and does not pretend to settle everything: on matters it leaves indifferent, including much of church order, human societies must decide by reason and experience, and what they decide binds because they decided it. Change of circumstance may justify change of arrangement. This is a defence of the established church that concedes it is a human arrangement, and it depends on treating reason as a genuine source of law rather than a fallen faculty.\n\nFrom this he derives an account of political authority that Locke would use. Men are naturally equal, and no one has by nature dominion over another; government therefore arises from consent, either expressed by the men themselves or inherited through the consent of their forebears, and the authority of law rests on that agreement. Hooker's purpose was conservative — he was justifying obedience to an existing settlement — but the premises were not.\n\nLocke cites him repeatedly in the Second Treatise, always as the judicious Hooker, and quotes him at length on natural equality and on consent as the origin of political power. The tactical value was considerable: it let Locke ground a resistance argument in a divine of impeccable establishment credentials. Whether Hooker would have recognised the use is another matter — his own conclusion was that a settled polity ought not to be disturbed for the sake of the perfect.",1554,1600,"English","theologian","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[142,146,150,154,158,162],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":147},{"name":148,"slug":149},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":163,"traditions":164},"reacts_against",{"name":165,"slug":166},"Political Realism","political-realism",[168],{"title":169,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":172,"kind":173,"sort_order":174},"Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity",1597,"1593-97","Defends the English settlement as a human arrangement made by reason and consent, and grounds authority in the natural equality of men.","work",1,[176,180,184,188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,219,223,227,231,232,236,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267,271,275,279,283,287,291,295,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,327,331,335],{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":215},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Francisco Suárez","francisco-suarez",1548,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":108},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz",1646,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":274},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":276,"slug":277,"birth_year":278},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":280,"slug":281,"birth_year":282},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":284,"slug":285,"birth_year":286},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":290},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":292,"slug":293,"birth_year":294},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":296,"slug":297,"birth_year":298},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":302},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":304,"slug":305,"birth_year":306},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":310},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":314},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":318},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":320,"slug":321,"birth_year":322},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":326},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":328,"slug":329,"birth_year":330},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":332,"slug":333,"birth_year":334},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":336,"slug":337,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":339,"influenced":340,"shapedBy":344,"outbound":174},[],[341],{"slug":342,"name":343},"john-locke","John Locke",[]]