[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-richard-cobden":100,"$fMcYvsiJ-KZr1q-TS-quFJg2L4UfUVVeDcNKRslORJjU":469},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":151,"works":195,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":208},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1228,"richard-cobden","Richard Cobden","The calico printer who led the Anti-Corn Law League, and argued that free trade would make war obsolete by binding nations in mutual interest.","Richard Cobden was a Manchester calico printer who entered public life to argue about tariffs and ended as the most influential unofficial figure in British foreign policy. With John Bright he built the Anti-Corn Law League into the most effective single-issue campaign in British history — subscription-funded, staffed by paid lecturers, distributing millions of tracts through the new penny post, organised constituency by constituency around the register of electors — and in 1846 Peel repealed the Corn Laws and destroyed his own party doing it.\n\nThe economic case was that duties on imported grain raised the price of food to enrich landowners at the expense of everyone else, and Cobden argued it in those class terms without embarrassment: the aristocracy was a sectional interest dressed as the nation.\n\nThe larger case was international, and it is what makes him a figure in political thought rather than campaign history. Cobden held that free trade would do more than enrich: by making nations dependent on one another's prosperity it would remove the material motive for war, dissolve the aristocratic monopoly of foreign policy, and render standing armies, colonies and the balance of power unnecessary. Peace, retrenchment and reform. He opposed the Crimean War at the cost of his seat, opposed intervention in general including intervention for liberal causes, condemned the opium war and the treatment of India, and denounced the empire as a system of outdoor relief for the aristocracy.\n\nThe Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860, which he negotiated personally with Napoleon III, cut tariffs between Britain and France and set off a decade of European trade liberalisation through most-favoured-nation clauses.\n\nCobdenism as a doctrine — commercial interdependence as the road to peace, non-intervention as a principle rather than a preference — remained the core of British radical liberalism until 1914 and returned in twentieth-century liberal internationalism. Its central prediction, that trade makes war unprofitable and therefore unlikely, was tested in 1914 and has been argued over ever since.",1804,1865,"English","politician","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},1,"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism","The political tradition that holds individual liberty as the highest political value and the state's role as protecting rights rather than directing citizens' lives.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},46,"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought","The tradition of political analysis committed to individual liberty, constitutional government, and limited state power, while increasingly aware of the complexities of mass democratic society.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},13,"Political Economy","political-economy","The intellectual tradition that treats economics, politics, and social structure as a single integrated subject of inquiry.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":124,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Descends from it but adds a sociological awareness classical liberalism lacked: that liberty is shaped by social conditions, not merely protected by law.",[139,143,147],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":144},{"name":145,"slug":146},"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":148},{"name":149,"slug":150},"Natural Law","natural-law",[152,154,158,162,166,170,174,178,183,187,191],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":153},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Liberal Feminism","liberal-feminism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Individualist Anarchism","individualist-anarchism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":163},{"name":164,"slug":165},"Libertarianism","libertarianism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":167},{"name":168,"slug":169},"Chicago School Economics","chicago-school-economics",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":171},{"name":172,"slug":173},"Public Choice","public-choice",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":175},{"name":176,"slug":177},"Austrian School Economics","austrian-school-economics",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":180},"reacts_against",{"name":181,"slug":182},"Marxism","marxism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":184},{"name":185,"slug":186},"Keynesianism","keynesianism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":188},{"name":189,"slug":190},"Progressivism","progressivism",{"relation_type":179,"traditions":192},{"name":193,"slug":194},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",[196,202],{"title":197,"year":198,"year_display":199,"description":200,"kind":201,"sort_order":118},"England, Ireland and America",1835,"1835","The first pamphlet: non-intervention as principle, and the American republic as evidence that commerce does what conquest cannot.","work",{"title":203,"year":204,"year_display":205,"description":206,"kind":201,"sort_order":207},"Speeches on Questions of Public Policy",1870,"collected 1870","The free trade and non-intervention case as argued on platforms for thirty years, including the opposition to the Crimean War that cost him his seat.",2,[209,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,248,252,255,259,263,267,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,308,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343,347,351,354,358,362,365,369,373,377,381,385,389,393,397,401,405,409,413,416,420,423,427,431,434,438,442,445,448,451,454,457,460,463,466],{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":212},"John 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Ricardo","david-ricardo",1772,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Simón Bolívar","simon-bolivar",1783,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Frédéric Bastiat","frederic-bastiat",1801,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"John Stuart Mill","john-stuart-mill",1806,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Harriet Taylor Mill","harriet-taylor-mill",1807,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"John Bright","john-bright",1811,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Susan B. Anthony","susan-b-anthony",1820,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Grover Cleveland","grover-cleveland",1837,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":299},"Henry George","henry-george",1839,{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":303},"William Graham Sumner","william-graham-sumner",1840,{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":307},"Booker T. Washington","booker-t-washington",1856,{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":204},"Albert Jay Nock","albert-jay-nock",{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":314},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":318},"H.L. Mencken","hl-mencken",1880,{"name":320,"slug":321,"birth_year":322},"Ludwig von Mises","ludwig-von-mises",1881,{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":326},"Rose Wilder Lane","rose-wilder-lane",1886,{"name":328,"slug":329,"birth_year":330},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",1889,{"name":332,"slug":333,"birth_year":334},"Henry Hazlitt","henry-hazlitt",1894,{"name":336,"slug":337,"birth_year":338},"Ludwig Erhard","ludwig-erhard",1897,{"name":340,"slug":341,"birth_year":342},"Friedrich Hayek","friedrich-hayek",1899,{"name":344,"slug":345,"birth_year":346},"Ayn Rand","ayn-rand",1905,{"name":348,"slug":349,"birth_year":350},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":352,"slug":353,"birth_year":350},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":355,"slug":356,"birth_year":357},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":359,"slug":360,"birth_year":361},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":363,"slug":364,"birth_year":361},"Milton Friedman","milton-friedman",{"name":366,"slug":367,"birth_year":368},"James M. Buchanan","james-m-buchanan",1919,{"name":370,"slug":371,"birth_year":372},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":374,"slug":375,"birth_year":376},"Murray Rothbard","murray-rothbard",1926,{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":380},"Thomas Sowell","thomas-sowell",1930,{"name":382,"slug":383,"birth_year":384},"Jagdish Bhagwati","jagdish-bhagwati",1934,{"name":386,"slug":387,"birth_year":388},"Walter Williams","walter-williams",1936,{"name":390,"slug":391,"birth_year":392},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":394,"slug":395,"birth_year":396},"Deirdre McCloskey","deirdre-mccloskey",1942,{"name":398,"slug":399,"birth_year":400},"Charles Murray","charles-murray-social-scientist",1943,{"name":402,"slug":403,"birth_year":404},"David Boaz","david-boaz",1953,{"name":406,"slug":407,"birth_year":408},"Matt Ridley","matt-ridley",1958,{"name":410,"slug":411,"birth_year":412},"Max More","max-more",1964,{"name":414,"slug":415,"birth_year":412},"Niall Ferguson","niall-ferguson",{"name":417,"slug":418,"birth_year":419},"Ayaan Hirsi Ali","ayaan-hirsi-ali",1969,{"name":421,"slug":422,"birth_year":419},"David French","david-french",{"name":424,"slug":425,"birth_year":426},"Bryan Caplan","bryan-caplan",1971,{"name":428,"slug":429,"birth_year":430},"Johan Norberg","johan-norberg",1973,{"name":432,"slug":433,"birth_year":430},"Megan McArdle","megan-mcardle",{"name":435,"slug":436,"birth_year":437},"Jason Brennan","jason-brennan",1979,{"name":439,"slug":440,"birth_year":441},"Sarah Haider","sarah-haider",1991,{"name":443,"slug":444,"birth_year":112},"Gottfried Dietze","gottfried-dietze",{"name":446,"slug":447,"birth_year":112},"Julian Simon","julian-simon",{"name":449,"slug":450,"birth_year":112},"Martin Feldstein","martin-feldstein",{"name":452,"slug":453,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":455,"slug":456,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm von Humboldt","wilhelm-von-humboldt",{"name":458,"slug":459,"birth_year":112},"Karl Hess","karl-hess",{"name":461,"slug":462,"birth_year":112},"Loren Lomasky","loren-lomasky",{"name":464,"slug":465,"birth_year":112},"Matt Zwolinski","matt-zwolinski",{"name":467,"slug":468,"birth_year":112},"Brink Lindsey","brink-lindsey",{"cards":470,"influenced":471,"shapedBy":473,"outbound":118},[],[472],{"slug":282,"name":281},[]]