[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-pierre-bayle":100,"$fcpOmJAC9z-YlgB79hT2nT41xHX2NfFDmW09WjPSxYmg":421},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":135,"works":136,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":150},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1179,"pierre-bayle","Pierre Bayle","The Huguenot exile whose Dictionary became the Enlightenment's arsenal, and who argued that conscience binds even when it is mistaken, so persecution is never justified.","Pierre Bayle was the son of a Huguenot minister, converted to Catholicism briefly as a student and back again, which made him a relapsed heretic liable to death in France, and fled to Rotterdam. His brother died in a French prison. He wrote in a country of refuge about a country that was expelling people for their beliefs, and toleration is the thread through everything he did.\n\nThe Philosophical Commentary of 1686 is the most radical case for toleration written in the seventeenth century, and it is more radical than Locke's Letter of the same decade. It takes as its text Christ's parable command compel them to come in, and argues that a literal reading is monstrous and therefore cannot be right. His central argument is about conscience: what obliges is not truth but the conscience's judgement of truth, since no one can act on a truth he does not perceive. An erring conscience therefore binds exactly as a correct one does, and to punish someone for following it is to punish him for doing the only thing he could rightly do. From this the toleration extends where Locke's stopped — to Catholics, to Jews, to Muslims, and to atheists, whom he had already argued in the Pensées diverses could form a perfectly moral society, since men act from passion and custom rather than from their professed beliefs.\n\nThe Historical and Critical Dictionary of 1697 is the strangest great book of the period: nominally a reference work correcting errors in earlier dictionaries, in practice a vast structure in which brief entries carry footnotes many times their length, and the footnotes carry the argument. Under cover of scholarship it lays out the case against every philosophical system in turn, presses the problem of evil until no theodicy survives, retails the scandalous with relish, and leaves the reader with the conclusion Bayle claimed to accept — that reason destroys everything and faith must therefore stand alone, a fideism his readers almost universally took as irony.\n\nIt became the most widely owned book in eighteenth-century private libraries. Voltaire, Diderot, Hume, Frederick the Great and Jefferson all quarried it. Whether Bayle was a sincere Calvinist or a concealed unbeliever has been argued for three hundred years without resolution.",1647,1706,"French","writer","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},41,"Skepticism","skepticism","The philosophical tradition of doubting whether we can have certain knowledge of the world, the self, or moral truths.",[],[130],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[],[137,144],{"title":138,"year":139,"year_display":140,"description":141,"kind":142,"sort_order":143},"Historical and Critical Dictionary",1697,"1697","A reference work whose footnotes carry the argument, dismantling every philosophical system in turn; the most widely owned book in eighteenth-century libraries.","work",1,{"title":145,"year":146,"year_display":147,"description":148,"kind":142,"sort_order":149},"Philosophical Commentary",1686,"1686","An erring conscience binds as a correct one does, so persecution punishes a man for doing the only thing he could rightly do — extending toleration to atheists.",2,[151,155,159,163,167,171,175,179,183,187,191,195,199,203,207,210,214,218,222,226,230,234,238,242,243,247,251,255,259,263,267,271,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,326,330,333,337,341,345,349,353,357,361,365,369,373,377,380,384,387,391,395,399,403,407,411,415,418],{"name":152,"slug":153,"birth_year":154},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":156,"slug":157,"birth_year":158},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":160,"slug":161,"birth_year":162},"Xenophon","xenophon",-430,{"name":164,"slug":165,"birth_year":166},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":168,"slug":169,"birth_year":170},"Al-Farabi","al-farabi",872,{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Marsilius of Padua","marsilius-of-padua",1275,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"William of Ockham","william-of-ockham",1287,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"Petrarch","petrarch",1304,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Leonardo Bruni","leonardo-bruni",1370,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":206},"Étienne de La Boétie","etienne-de-la-boetie",{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Francis Bacon","francis-bacon",1561,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Johannes Althusius","johannes-althusius",1563,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":225},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":227,"slug":228,"birth_year":229},"James Harrington","james-harrington",1611,{"name":231,"slug":232,"birth_year":233},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":235,"slug":236,"birth_year":237},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":239,"slug":240,"birth_year":241},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Giambattista Vico","giambattista-vico",1668,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":270},"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","pierre-joseph-proudhon",{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"Herbert Spencer","herbert-spencer",1820,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Georges Sorel","georges-sorel",1847,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Eduard Bernstein","eduard-bernstein",1850,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Vladimir Lenin","vladimir-lenin",1870,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"Oswald Spengler","oswald-spengler",1880,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"José Ortega y Gasset","jose-ortega-y-gasset",1883,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"Walter Lippmann","walter-lippmann",1889,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":325},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":329},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",{"name":334,"slug":335,"birth_year":336},"Karl Popper","karl-popper",1902,{"name":338,"slug":339,"birth_year":340},"George Orwell","george-orwell",1903,{"name":342,"slug":343,"birth_year":344},"Raymond Aron","raymond-aron",1905,{"name":346,"slug":347,"birth_year":348},"Hannah Arendt","hannah-arendt",1906,{"name":350,"slug":351,"birth_year":352},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":354,"slug":355,"birth_year":356},"Albert Camus","albert-camus",1913,{"name":358,"slug":359,"birth_year":360},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":362,"slug":363,"birth_year":364},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":366,"slug":367,"birth_year":368},"John Rawls","john-rawls",1921,{"name":370,"slug":371,"birth_year":372},"Judith Shklar","judith-shklar",1928,{"name":374,"slug":375,"birth_year":376},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":376},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":383},"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor",1931,{"name":385,"slug":386,"birth_year":383},"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty",{"name":388,"slug":389,"birth_year":390},"Michael Walzer","michael-walzer",1935,{"name":392,"slug":393,"birth_year":394},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":398},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":400,"slug":401,"birth_year":402},"Martha Nussbaum","martha-nussbaum",1947,{"name":404,"slug":405,"birth_year":406},"Francis Fukuyama","francis-fukuyama",1952,{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":410},"Michael Sandel","michael-sandel",1953,{"name":412,"slug":413,"birth_year":414},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":416,"slug":417,"birth_year":112},"G.A. Cohen","ga-cohen",{"name":419,"slug":420,"birth_year":112},"Amy Gutmann","amy-gutmann",{"cards":422,"influenced":423,"shapedBy":429,"outbound":430},[],[424,427,428],{"slug":425,"name":426},"david-hume","David Hume",{"slug":253,"name":252},{"slug":249,"name":248},[],3]