[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-petrarch":100,"$fqV18jX5xKH_pbBsJc4UAbVXoCn6PRphKWeN93UhMOLY":426},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":135,"works":136,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":155},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1144,"petrarch","Petrarch","The first humanist, who invented the idea of a dark age between antiquity and himself, and made the recovery of classical letters a programme rather than an accident.","Francesco Petrarca was the son of a Florentine exile, trained in law at Bologna, and abandoned it for letters. He spent his life moving between Avignon, Italian courts and rural retreats, corresponding with everyone who mattered, and being crowned poet laureate in Rome in 1341 in a ceremony he largely arranged himself.\n\nHis importance is less any single argument than a change of orientation. Petrarch was the first to describe the centuries between the fall of Rome and his own as a period of darkness, and to propose that the remedy was to go back past them — to read the Romans not as authorities to be excerpted for arguments but as people who had written well and lived thoughtfully, and whose language could be recovered. That programme is what humanism was. It made philology a discipline with a purpose, it made the manuscript hunt a scholarly vocation, and it produced within a century a Europe that could read its own past in something like the original.\n\nHe hunted manuscripts himself, and his finds mattered. At Verona in 1345 he discovered Cicero's letters to Atticus, which showed him a Cicero unlike the marble orator of the schools: anxious, vacillating, deeply implicated in the politics he wrote about. Petrarch's response was to write Cicero a letter of reproach, which is characteristic of him — he treated the ancients as correspondents rather than as monuments, and the collections of letters he assembled, including a set addressed to dead authors, invent a stance toward the past that Europe kept.\n\nThe Secretum, an imagined dialogue with Augustine, is the other side of him: a self-examination in which his own ambition, his love for Laura and his desire for glory are put on trial by the saint and not acquitted. He is the first European writer to make the divided self a literary subject in his own voice.\n\nHis politics were unstable and largely disappointing — he supported Cola di Rienzo's Roman revolution, then abandoned him, and spent years in the pay of the Visconti tyrants while writing letters in praise of liberty. What he transmitted was not a doctrine but a set of tools and a conviction that the ancients had known how to live, which the civic humanists of the next generation put to political use he would not have predicted.",1304,1374,"Italian","writer","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},161,"Renaissance Humanism","renaissance-humanism","The intellectual movement that recovered classical learning and made human experience, rather than theological authority, the center of philosophical reflection.",[],[130],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[],[137,143,149],{"title":138,"year":108,"year_display":139,"description":140,"kind":141,"sort_order":142},"Canzoniere","c. 1336-74","The vernacular sonnet sequence to Laura that set the pattern for European love poetry for three centuries.","work",1,{"title":144,"year":145,"year_display":146,"description":147,"kind":141,"sort_order":148},"Secretum",1353,"c. 1347-53","An imagined trial of himself before Augustine, in which his ambition and his love are examined and not acquitted.",2,{"title":150,"year":151,"year_display":152,"description":153,"kind":141,"sort_order":154},"Familiar Letters",1366,"c. 1325-66","The collected correspondence, including letters addressed to Cicero, Livy and Homer as if to living friends.",3,[156,160,164,168,172,176,180,184,188,192,193,197,201,205,209,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,248,252,256,260,264,268,272,276,279,283,287,291,295,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,338,342,346,350,354,358,362,366,370,374,378,382,385,389,392,396,400,404,408,412,416,420,423],{"name":157,"slug":158,"birth_year":159},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":161,"slug":162,"birth_year":163},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":165,"slug":166,"birth_year":167},"Xenophon","xenophon",-430,{"name":169,"slug":170,"birth_year":171},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":173,"slug":174,"birth_year":175},"Al-Farabi","al-farabi",872,{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Marsilius of Padua","marsilius-of-padua",1275,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"William of Ockham","william-of-ockham",1287,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"Leonardo Bruni","leonardo-bruni",1370,{"name":198,"slug":199,"birth_year":200},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":202,"slug":203,"birth_year":204},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":206,"slug":207,"birth_year":208},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":208},"Étienne de La Boétie","etienne-de-la-boetie",{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"Francis Bacon","francis-bacon",1561,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"Johannes Althusius","johannes-althusius",1563,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":231},"James Harrington","james-harrington",1611,{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Pierre Bayle","pierre-bayle",1647,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":251},"Giambattista Vico","giambattista-vico",1668,{"name":253,"slug":254,"birth_year":255},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":259},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":261,"slug":262,"birth_year":263},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":265,"slug":266,"birth_year":267},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":275},"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","pierre-joseph-proudhon",{"name":280,"slug":281,"birth_year":282},"Herbert Spencer","herbert-spencer",1820,{"name":284,"slug":285,"birth_year":286},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":290},"Georges Sorel","georges-sorel",1847,{"name":292,"slug":293,"birth_year":294},"Eduard Bernstein","eduard-bernstein",1850,{"name":296,"slug":297,"birth_year":298},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":302},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":304,"slug":305,"birth_year":306},"Vladimir Lenin","vladimir-lenin",1870,{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":310},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":314},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":318},"Oswald Spengler","oswald-spengler",1880,{"name":320,"slug":321,"birth_year":322},"José Ortega y Gasset","jose-ortega-y-gasset",1883,{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":326},"Walter Lippmann","walter-lippmann",1889,{"name":328,"slug":329,"birth_year":330},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":332,"slug":333,"birth_year":334},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":336,"slug":337,"birth_year":334},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",{"name":339,"slug":340,"birth_year":341},"Karl Popper","karl-popper",1902,{"name":343,"slug":344,"birth_year":345},"George Orwell","george-orwell",1903,{"name":347,"slug":348,"birth_year":349},"Raymond Aron","raymond-aron",1905,{"name":351,"slug":352,"birth_year":353},"Hannah Arendt","hannah-arendt",1906,{"name":355,"slug":356,"birth_year":357},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":359,"slug":360,"birth_year":361},"Albert Camus","albert-camus",1913,{"name":363,"slug":364,"birth_year":365},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":367,"slug":368,"birth_year":369},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":371,"slug":372,"birth_year":373},"John Rawls","john-rawls",1921,{"name":375,"slug":376,"birth_year":377},"Judith Shklar","judith-shklar",1928,{"name":379,"slug":380,"birth_year":381},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":383,"slug":384,"birth_year":381},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",{"name":386,"slug":387,"birth_year":388},"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor",1931,{"name":390,"slug":391,"birth_year":388},"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty",{"name":393,"slug":394,"birth_year":395},"Michael Walzer","michael-walzer",1935,{"name":397,"slug":398,"birth_year":399},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":401,"slug":402,"birth_year":403},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":405,"slug":406,"birth_year":407},"Martha Nussbaum","martha-nussbaum",1947,{"name":409,"slug":410,"birth_year":411},"Francis Fukuyama","francis-fukuyama",1952,{"name":413,"slug":414,"birth_year":415},"Michael Sandel","michael-sandel",1953,{"name":417,"slug":418,"birth_year":419},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":421,"slug":422,"birth_year":112},"G.A. Cohen","ga-cohen",{"name":424,"slug":425,"birth_year":112},"Amy Gutmann","amy-gutmann",{"cards":427,"influenced":434,"shapedBy":436,"outbound":142},[428],{"slug":429,"name":430,"type":431,"strength":432,"description":433},"cicero","Marcus Tullius Cicero","influenced","foundational","Petrarch discovered the letters to Atticus at Verona in 1345 and found a Cicero unlike the marble orator of the schools — which is much of why he treated the ancients as correspondents rather than authorities.",[435],{"slug":195,"name":194},[]]