[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-oliver-wendell-holmes-jr":100,"$f3h8k56g304y0":124,"thinker-stance-oliver-wendell-holmes-jr":113},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":11,"name":12},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":14,"name":15},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":35,"name":36},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":38,"name":39},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":41,"name":42},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":53,"name":54},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":59,"name":60},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":62,"name":63},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":65,"name":66},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":68,"name":69},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":77,"name":78},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":80,"name":81},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":86,"name":87},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":89,"name":90},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":95,"name":96},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":98,"name":99},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":114,"traditions":118,"traditionLinks":119,"homeOut":120,"homeIn":121,"works":122,"homeTradition":113,"siblings":123},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":113},1312,"oliver-wendell-holmes-jr","Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.","Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was a U.S. Supreme Court justice whose dissents urged deference to legislatures on economic policy and wide protection for speech, and who wrote Buck v. Bell.","Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was born in Boston on March 8, 1841. He served as an officer in the 20th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment from 1861 to 1864, took his law degree at Harvard in 1866, practiced in Boston and edited the American Law Review. Lectures he gave at Boston's Lowell Institute in 1880 became The Common Law (1881), which contains the sentence: \"The life of the law has not been logic: it has been experience.\" Legal rules, he argued, owed more to \"the felt necessities of the time\" and to prevailing moral and political theories than to deduction.\n\nHolmes sat on the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts from 1882, as chief justice from 1899, until Theodore Roosevelt named him to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1902. When the Court struck down a New York limit on bakers' hours in Lochner v. New York (1905), he dissented, saying his own view of the economic theory involved had nothing to do with the right of a majority to write its opinions into law. \"The 14th Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics,\" he wrote; a constitution \"is made for people of fundamentally differing views.\"\n\nIn Schenck v. United States (1919) Holmes wrote for the Court upholding the conviction of a Socialist Party official for circulating leaflets against the draft. Free speech, he wrote, would not protect \"falsely shouting fire in a theatre,\" and the question was whether words created \"a clear and present danger\" of evils Congress could prevent. Eight months later, in Abrams v. United States, he dissented, with Louis Brandeis joining him, from twenty-year sentences over leaflets he called \"poor and puny anonymities.\" He wrote that \"the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market,\" and called that theory of the Constitution \"an experiment, as all life is an experiment.\"\n\nHolmes also wrote for the Court in Buck v. Bell (1927), which upheld, 8 to 1, a 1924 Virginia law allowing the sterilization of institutionalized people judged to have hereditary forms of insanity or \"imbecility,\" and the order to sterilize Carrie Buck. Reasoning from the state's power to require vaccination, he concluded: \"Three generations of imbeciles are enough.\" Buck was sterilized that October. In the following decade almost 28,000 Americans were sterilized, compared with 8,515 between 1907 and 1927, and Nazi defendants at Nuremberg cited the case, which was never overturned. Historians have since found evidence that neither Buck nor her daughter had a mental illness. Holmes retired in January 1932 and died in Washington on March 6, 1935.",1841,1935,"American","jurist","20th Century","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Foliver-wendell-holmes-jr.webp",null,[115],{"archetype_slug":53,"strength":116,"description":117},7,"Law is judged by experience, not logic: rules earn their place by what they do, and legislatures get room to try policies judges dislike. Holmes held that line in his Lochner dissent, and in Abrams he treated the open contest of ideas as the experiment the Constitution runs.",[],[],[],[],[],[],{"cards":125,"influenced":126,"shapedBy":127,"outbound":128},[],[],[],0]