[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-novalis":100,"$fxqoXlYDQJ_xjBEn5QIi9-mQ8R6uHt2Gsk520nU4ijO4":195},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":143,"works":144,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":164},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1209,"novalis","Novalis","The early Romantic who called for the world to be made strange again, and whose Christendom or Europe imagined a medieval unity against Enlightenment fragmentation.","Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg, who wrote as Novalis, trained as a mining engineer, worked in the Saxon salt works, was engaged at twenty-two to a girl of twelve who died three years later, and was himself dead of tuberculosis at twenty-eight. Almost everything he wrote was published posthumously by Friedrich Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck.\n\nThe programme he sketched in fragments is what the Jena circle meant by Romanticism, and it is a philosophical position before it is a literary style. The world has been disenchanted by an analysis that explains everything and means nothing; the task is to romanticise it — to give the commonplace a higher meaning, the known the dignity of the unknown, the finite an infinite appearance. This is not escapism but a claim about knowledge: the imagination is a cognitive faculty, and poetry reaches what discursive reason cannot. The blue flower of his unfinished novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen became the emblem of the whole movement.\n\nChristendom or Europe, written in 1799 and suppressed at Goethe's advice, is the political text. It narrates medieval Christendom as a period of genuine unity in which a common faith held Europe together, describes the Reformation as the fracture that made religion national and then private, and the Enlightenment as the terminal stage in which reason emptied the world of significance and left revolution and calculation behind. It ends looking for a new age in which faith and knowledge are reconciled and Europe becomes one again.\n\nWhether this is reactionary is the argument that has followed it. It supplied nineteenth-century Catholic and conservative writers with their whole picture of the Middle Ages as an organic order destroyed by individualism — the picture Adam Müller systematised, that reached Carlyle and the Gothic revival, and that still organises a great deal of anti-modern writing. It is also, plainly, not a programme for restoration: Novalis expects the new unity to lie ahead rather than behind, and the essay is closer to a Romantic philosophy of history than to a manifesto for the old regime.\n\nHis Fichte Studies, unpublished for a century and a half, contain a serious critique of Fichte's self-positing I from someone who had absorbed it completely.",1772,1801,"German","writer","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},54,"Aesthetic Philosophy","aesthetic-philosophy","The tradition that takes art and aesthetic experience seriously as central to philosophical reflection rather than as a peripheral subject.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},53,"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity","The intellectual tradition that questions the assumptions and consequences of modern Western civilization.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},39,"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought","The tradition that emphasizes feeling, authenticity, community, and the natural goodness of human beings against the cold rationalism of Enlightenment liberalism.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":124,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Inherits the Romantic charge that modernity dissolves organic community, while pressing it past nostalgia into a diagnosis of the whole civilisation.",[139],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"German Idealism","german-idealism",[],[145,152,158],{"title":146,"year":147,"year_display":148,"description":149,"kind":150,"sort_order":151},"Christendom or Europe",1826,"written 1799; published 1826","Medieval Christendom as genuine unity, the Reformation as fracture, the Enlightenment as the emptying of significance — with the new unity ahead rather than behind.","work",1,{"title":153,"year":154,"year_display":155,"description":156,"kind":150,"sort_order":157},"Heinrich von Ofterdingen",1802,"published 1802","The unfinished novel whose blue flower became the emblem of Romanticism.",2,{"title":159,"year":160,"year_display":161,"description":162,"kind":150,"sort_order":163},"Pollen and Logological Fragments",1798,"1798","The fragments stating the programme: give the commonplace a higher meaning, the known the dignity of the unknown.",3,[165,169,173,176,179,180,184,188,192],{"name":166,"slug":167,"birth_year":168},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",1729,{"name":170,"slug":171,"birth_year":172},"Friedrich Schiller","friedrich-schiller",1759,{"name":174,"slug":175,"birth_year":107},"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","samuel-taylor-coleridge",{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":107},"Friedrich Schlegel","friedrich-schlegel",{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Friedrich Schelling","friedrich-schelling",1775,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Friedrich Nietzsche","friedrich-nietzsche",1844,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":112},"Czesław Miłosz","czesaw-miosz",{"cards":196,"influenced":206,"shapedBy":211,"outbound":157},[197,201],{"slug":178,"name":177,"type":198,"strength":199,"description":200},"influenced","foundational","The Athenaeum was Schlegel's journal and the fragments were a collective form; Novalis's programme is stated inside it.",{"slug":202,"name":203,"type":198,"strength":204,"description":205},"friedrich-schleiermacher","Friedrich Schleiermacher","significant","The Speeches gave the Jena circle its account of religion as intuition of the infinite rather than assent to doctrine, and Christendom or Europe assumes it.",[207,210],{"slug":208,"name":209},"adam-muller","Adam Müller",{"slug":178,"name":177},[]]