[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-nicolas-malebranche":100,"$fxfrPp9Y_EFFv4eDL9kvNnDmkOWhBOmh-KWt7aH3Jy54":389},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":140,"works":141,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":155},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1178,"nicolas-malebranche","Nicolas Malebranche","The Oratorian who fused Descartes with Augustine, held that we see all things in God, and made occasionalism the doctrine that finite things never truly cause anything.","Nicolas Malebranche was an Oratorian priest who came upon Descartes's Treatise on Man in a bookseller's in 1664 and was reportedly so agitated by it that he had to stop reading to calm his heartbeat. He spent the next decade writing The Search After Truth, and the rest of his life defending a system that tried to make Cartesian physics and Augustinian theology one thing.\n\nTwo doctrines carry his reputation. The first is the vision in God. Descartes had left an unsolved problem: how a mind, which is thought, can represent bodies, which are extension, when the two have nothing in common. Malebranche's answer is that it does not. We do not perceive bodies, nor images of them in our own minds; we perceive the ideas of them in God, who contains the archetypes of all things and to whom our minds are directly united. Knowledge is a kind of participation in the divine understanding.\n\nThe second is occasionalism, and it has the longer afterlife. If a cause is something whose effect follows necessarily, then no finite thing is ever a cause: I cannot conceive of any necessary connection between the motion of my arm and my willing it, or between one billiard ball and another. What we call causes are occasions on which God, acting according to general laws he has laid down, produces the effect. Nothing in nature has power; power belongs to God alone.\n\nHume read Malebranche closely and took over the crucial premise while discarding the conclusion. His argument that we never observe necessary connection, only constant conjunction, is Malebranche's analysis with God removed — leaving custom to do the work that divine volition had done. Berkeley took the vision in God in a different direction. Leibniz argued against occasionalism as a perpetual miracle, and constructed pre-established harmony to avoid it.\n\nHis Treatise on Nature and Grace, applying the same logic of general laws to providence — God acts by simple general volitions and does not intervene case by case, which is why the innocent suffer — drew a ferocious reply from Arnauld and was placed on the Index. The theodicy Leibniz would build owes it a great deal.",1638,1715,"French","philosopher","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},159,"Rationalism","rationalism","The philosophical tradition that holds reason rather than sensory experience is the primary source of knowledge and moral truth.",[],[130,135],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Platonism","platonism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":137},"reacts_against",{"name":138,"slug":139},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",[],[142,149],{"title":143,"year":144,"year_display":145,"description":146,"kind":147,"sort_order":148},"The Search After Truth",1675,"1674-75","The vision in God and the doctrine of occasionalism: no finite thing is ever truly a cause, since no necessary connection can be conceived between them.","work",1,{"title":150,"year":151,"year_display":152,"description":153,"kind":147,"sort_order":154},"Treatise on Nature and Grace",1680,"1680","God acts by simple general volitions rather than case by case, which is why the innocent suffer. Placed on the Index.",2,[156,160,164,168,172,176,180,184,188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,297,301,305,309,313,317,321,325,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,367,371,375,379,383,386],{"name":157,"slug":158,"birth_year":159},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":161,"slug":162,"birth_year":163},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":165,"slug":166,"birth_year":167},"Al-Ghazali","al-ghazali",1058,{"name":169,"slug":170,"birth_year":171},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":173,"slug":174,"birth_year":175},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Huldrych Zwingli","huldrych-zwingli",1484,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"Oliver Cromwell","oliver-cromwell",1599,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Gerrard Winstanley","gerrard-winstanley",1609,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":231},"Blaise Pascal","blaise-pascal",1623,{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Baruch Spinoza","baruch-spinoza",1632,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",1729,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"William Paley","william-paley",1743,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"William Wilberforce","william-wilberforce",1759,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Friedrich Schleiermacher","friedrich-schleiermacher",1768,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Søren Kierkegaard","soren-kierkegaard",1813,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Fyodor Dostoevsky","fyodor-dostoevsky",1821,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Ernest Renan","ernest-renan",1823,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Leo Tolstoy","leo-tolstoy",1828,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Abraham Kuyper","abraham-kuyper",1837,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"William Jennings Bryan","william-jennings-bryan",1860,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":292},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":296},"Carl Schmitt","carl-schmitt",1888,{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":300},"Reinhold Niebuhr","reinhold-niebuhr",1892,{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":304},"Aldous Huxley","aldous-huxley",1894,{"name":306,"slug":307,"birth_year":308},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":310,"slug":311,"birth_year":312},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":314,"slug":315,"birth_year":316},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":318,"slug":319,"birth_year":320},"Ayatollah Khomeini","ayatollah-khomeini",1902,{"name":322,"slug":323,"birth_year":324},"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","dietrich-bonhoeffer",1906,{"name":326,"slug":327,"birth_year":324},"Sayyid Qutb","sayyid-qutb",{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":339},"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn","aleksandr-solzhenitsyn",1918,{"name":341,"slug":342,"birth_year":343},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":345,"slug":346,"birth_year":347},"Malcolm X","malcolm-x",1925,{"name":349,"slug":350,"birth_year":351},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":353,"slug":354,"birth_year":355},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":357,"slug":358,"birth_year":359},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":361,"slug":362,"birth_year":363},"Jim Wallis","jim-wallis",1948,{"name":365,"slug":366,"birth_year":363},"Jonathan Sacks","jonathan-sacks",{"name":368,"slug":369,"birth_year":370},"Chris Hedges","chris-hedges",1956,{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":374},"Albert Mohler","albert-mohler",1959,{"name":376,"slug":377,"birth_year":378},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":380,"slug":381,"birth_year":382},"Rod Dreher","rod-dreher",1967,{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":387,"slug":388,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"cards":390,"influenced":397,"shapedBy":404,"outbound":148},[391],{"slug":392,"name":393,"type":394,"strength":395,"description":396},"rene-descartes","René Descartes","influenced","foundational","Malebranche came on the Treatise on Man in 1664 and spent the following decade turning Cartesian physics and Augustinian theology into a single system.",[398,401],{"slug":399,"name":400},"david-hume","David Hume",{"slug":402,"name":403},"gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz","Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz",[]]