[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-nicholas-of-cusa":100,"$fsFP1C43OQ6wez-gZI8w7BjxnXEkbDKiRGYFtoPkwJ0w":313},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":183},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1143,"nicholas-of-cusa","Nicholas of Cusa","Cardinal, conciliarist turned papalist, who grounded all legitimate rule in consent and described God as a coincidence of opposites knowable only through learned ignorance.","Nicholas of Cusa was a boatman's son from the Moselle who became a cardinal, a papal legate, and one of the last figures able to stand with a foot in the medieval and the modern world at once. He collected manuscripts, corrected the calendar, argued that the earth moves and that the universe has no circumference, and wrote the most original metaphysics of the fifteenth century.\n\nDe Concordantia Catholica, written for the Council of Basel in 1433 when he was still a conciliarist, contains the political argument. All legitimate authority, he holds, rests on consent, because all men are by nature equally free and no one may rule another without agreement; rulership therefore arises from the elective concurrence of those subject to it, and a law binds because it has been consented to. He applies this to church and empire alike, proposing regular councils, an elective structure, and a harmony in which each level of authority is constituted from below while remaining ordered to a unity above. Few medieval texts state the consensual basis of government so flatly, and none combine it with so elaborate an account of hierarchy.\n\nHe then changed sides. When Basel overreached and elected an antipope, Cusa went over to Eugenius IV and spent the rest of his career as a papal servant, which his critics never let him forget.\n\nDe Docta Ignorantia, finished in 1440, is the philosophical work. Its premise is that the infinite is not reachable by proportion: since knowing is comparing, and the infinite exceeds every ratio to the finite, God cannot be known as objects are known. What is available is learned ignorance — an exact grasp of why the thing exceeds us. In God opposites coincide, as in an infinite circle the curve and the straight line become one; the images are geometrical because he thought mathematics the least misleading route to what cannot be said. From the same premises he denied that the universe has a fixed centre or a bounding sphere, a century before Copernicus and without a telescope.\n\nHe also wrote De Pace Fidei after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 — a dialogue in which representatives of every religion discover a single faith beneath the variety of rites. It is among the earliest European arguments for religious peace on principle rather than exhaustion.",1401,1464,"German","theologian","Medieval",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},9,"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory","The tradition that grounds political legitimacy in a hypothetical agreement among free individuals about the terms of their common life.",[],[136,141,145,150],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Scholasticism","scholasticism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171,177],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"De Concordantia Catholica",1433,"1433","Grounds all legitimate rule in the consent of the naturally free and equal, and applies it to church and empire alike.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":173,"year_display":174,"description":175,"kind":169,"sort_order":176},"De Docta Ignorantia",1440,"1440","Learned ignorance: the infinite exceeds every proportion to the finite, so God is approached through the coincidence of opposites rather than by comparison.",2,{"title":178,"year":179,"year_display":180,"description":181,"kind":169,"sort_order":182},"De Pace Fidei",1453,"1453","Written after the fall of Constantinople: representatives of every religion discover one faith beneath a variety of rites.",3,[184,188,192,196,200,204,208,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,297,301,304,307,310],{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":212},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",1483,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":292},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":296},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":300},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":314,"influenced":319,"shapedBy":323,"outbound":170},[315],{"slug":206,"name":205,"type":316,"strength":317,"description":318},"influenced","foundational","De Concordantia Catholica is written inside the conciliarist framework Gerson had built at Constance, and extends its consensual premise from church to empire.",[320],{"slug":321,"name":322},"hugo-grotius","Hugo Grotius",[]]