[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-michael-polanyi":100,"$f1yx4nigtuo87f":124,"thinker-stance-michael-polanyi":113},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":11,"name":12},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":14,"name":15},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":17,"name":18},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":35,"name":36},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":38,"name":39},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":41,"name":42},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":44,"name":45},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":53,"name":54},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"slug":59,"name":60},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":62,"name":63},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":65,"name":66},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":68,"name":69},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":71,"name":72},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":74,"name":75},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":77,"name":78},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":80,"name":81},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":86,"name":87},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":89,"name":90},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":95,"name":96},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":98,"name":99},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":114,"traditions":118,"traditionLinks":119,"homeOut":120,"homeIn":121,"works":122,"homeTradition":113,"siblings":123},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":113},1309,"michael-polanyi","Michael Polanyi","Michael Polanyi was a Hungarian-British chemist turned philosopher who argued that science, like the market, is a spontaneous order that central direction cannot replace.","Michael Polanyi was born in Budapest on March 11, 1891. He took a medical degree at the University of Budapest in 1913, served as a medical officer in the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, and earned a doctorate in 1917 for work on adsorption. As young men he and his brother Karl, later known as an economist, helped found the Galilei Circle. Polanyi became a leading physical chemist at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes in Berlin, and in 1933, as the danger to Jewish scholars grew under the Nazis, he moved to a chair of physical chemistry at the University of Manchester.\n\nIn England he turned increasingly to politics and economics. He criticized the Soviet economic system in a 1935 study and in The Contempt of Freedom (1940), and he opposed a movement in British science, led by J. D. Bernal, Lancelot Hogben and J. G. Crowther, that wanted government to direct research toward practical social needs. In 1941 he co-founded the Society for Freedom in Science with John R. Baker. In economics he followed Keynes; the University of Chicago's guide to his papers calls him \"a devoted Keynesian,\" and he wrote Full Employment and Free Trade (1945).\n\nHis central political idea was spontaneous order, a term he used explicitly from his 1948 essay \"The Span of Central Direction.\" Independent people adjusting to one another's actions, under rules that apply equally to all, can reach a coordination that no central authority could manage. He applied the idea to markets, the common law and above all science, and he collected these essays in The Logic of Liberty (1951). He held that central direction of a modern economy was not merely costly to liberty but unworkable, a conclusion he presented as going further than Hayek, Mises or Knight. He was among the participants at the first meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society in 1947, and in \"The Republic of Science\" (1962) he described independent scientists as guided \"as by 'an invisible hand'\" toward discovery.\n\nIn 1948 he moved to a chair of social studies at Manchester. His Gifford Lectures of 1951 and 1952 became Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (1958), which argued that all knowledge rests on the personal, tacit commitments of the knower; in The Tacit Dimension he put the point as \"we can know more than we can tell.\" In 1951 the University of Chicago offered him a post on its Committee on Social Thought, but the State Department held up his immigrant visa under the McCarran Act over suspicion about the Galilei Circle, and he withdrew. He became a senior research fellow at Merton College, Oxford, in 1958, and died in Northampton on February 22, 1976.",1891,1976,"Hungarian-British","philosopher","20th Century","\u002Fimages\u002Ffigures\u002Fwebp\u002Fmichael-polanyi.webp",null,[115],{"archetype_slug":8,"strength":116,"description":117},7,"Coordination without a coordinator: scientists who choose their own problems and adjust to one another's results advance knowledge in a way no planning board could direct. Polanyi made that case in The Logic of Liberty, and later added that we can know more than we can tell.",[],[],[],[],[],[],{"cards":125,"influenced":126,"shapedBy":127,"outbound":128},[],[],[],0]