[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-lord-acton":100,"$fwbwIAJzcUCFi1ntKSKH1-etUSt6RxduabTEB8NhtMrc":317},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":183},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1234,"lord-acton","Lord Acton","The Catholic liberal historian who opposed papal infallibility, planned a history of liberty he never wrote, and observed that power tends to corrupt.","John Dalberg-Acton was a Catholic aristocrat with German and Italian connections, educated at Munich under Döllinger because Cambridge would not admit Catholics, a Liberal MP, a friend of Gladstone, and finally Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge. He read enormously, collected some sixty thousand books, and published almost nothing — his History of Liberty is the most famous unwritten book in the discipline.\n\nHis subject was the growth of freedom understood as a moral achievement rather than a political convenience, and his premise was that liberty is not the power of doing what we like but the right of being able to do what we ought. He located its sources in the refusal of the early Christians to concede that the state was the highest authority, in the medieval conflicts between spiritual and temporal power, in the resistance theories of the sixteenth century, and in the English and American constitutional settlements. What all of these share is a limit: some authority above the sovereign, some domain the sovereign cannot enter.\n\nFrom this follows the conviction that generated his most quoted sentence. Writing to Bishop Creighton in 1887 about how historians should judge popes and kings, Acton objected to any presumption in favour of the powerful: power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men, even when they exercise influence and not authority. The letter is an argument that the historian's duty is to apply one moral standard to everyone, and that treating rank as mitigation destroys the discipline.\n\nHe acted on it against his own church. He opposed the definition of papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council, worked in Rome to organise the minority bishops against it, and afterwards refused to concede that the church's authority could reach the historical record — he thought the Inquisition and the Massacre of St Bartholomew were crimes and that saying so was a Catholic's duty. Döllinger was excommunicated for the same position; Acton was not, largely because nobody wished to make an example of an English peer.\n\nHayek named him with Tocqueville as the tradition he was continuing.",1834,1902,"English","academic","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},58,"History of Ideas","history-of-ideas","The intellectual tradition of studying past thinkers in their historical context, attempting to understand the inner logic of their worldviews.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},46,"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought","The tradition of political analysis committed to individual liberty, constitutional government, and limited state power, while increasingly aware of the complexities of mass democratic society.",[],[136,141,145,150],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Scholasticism","scholasticism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171,177],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"Letter to Bishop Creighton",1887,"1887","Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely — written to argue that historians must apply one moral standard to everyone.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":173,"year_display":174,"description":175,"kind":169,"sort_order":176},"The History of Freedom in Antiquity and in Christianity",1877,"1877","The two lectures that survive of the history of liberty he never wrote: freedom as the right to do what one ought, secured by a limit above the sovereign.",2,{"title":178,"year":179,"year_display":180,"description":181,"kind":169,"sort_order":182},"Lectures on Modern History",1906,"lectures 1899-1901; published 1906","The Cambridge inaugural and course, arguing that modern history begins where conscience is asserted against authority.",3,[184,188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,297,301,305,308,311,314],{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",1483,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":231},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":292},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":296},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":300},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":304},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":306,"slug":307,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":318,"influenced":325,"shapedBy":329,"outbound":170},[319],{"slug":320,"name":321,"type":322,"strength":323,"description":324},"alexis-de-tocqueville","Alexis de Tocqueville","influenced","significant","Acton took from him the concern with what democracy does to liberty, and the conviction that freedom needs a limit above the sovereign rather than a better sovereign.",[326],{"slug":327,"name":328},"friedrich-hayek","Friedrich Hayek",[]]