[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-leonardo-bruni":100,"$fClT6XkUGL1vC9kyIdnjjiglHf47wd1YK5PyLANhNDBs":427},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":142,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":156},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1145,"leonardo-bruni","Leonardo Bruni","Chancellor of Florence and the founder of civic humanism, who argued that classical learning belongs in public life and that liberty is what made Florence great.","Leonardo Bruni was a papal secretary, then Chancellor of Florence from 1427 until his death, and the most influential translator of his century. He learned Greek from Chrysoloras when Greek had effectively been lost to the Latin west for eight hundred years, and used it to put Aristotle's Ethics and Politics into Latin that could be read as argument rather than decoded as jargon. The scholastic versions had rendered the Greek word by word; Bruni translated for sense, and the fight over whether this was licence or improvement was one of the formative quarrels of Renaissance scholarship.\n\nHis political contribution is what Hans Baron named civic humanism. In the Panegyric to the City of Florence, written around 1404 while Florence stood alone against Milanese expansion, Bruni argues that the city's greatness follows from its liberty: free cities produce citizens who cultivate their talents because those talents can be used, while under a prince ability is a liability. He grounds the claim historically, arguing that Florence was founded under the Roman Republic rather than the Empire, and therefore inherits republican rather than imperial liberty — a genealogy he needed and largely constructed.\n\nThe History of the Florentine People, in twelve books, applies humanist method to a modern subject: sources weighed, miracles omitted, causes sought in interest and faction rather than providence. It is the first history written on those terms since antiquity, and it made a template.\n\nThe consequence of Bruni's work was to reverse the direction of the humanist programme. Petrarch had read the ancients as a retreat from a debased present. Bruni read them as instruction for the active life of a citizen, and argued that the contemplative withdrawal the scholastics praised was a poor second to service in a free republic. Machiavelli inherited the Florentine argument in this form, and the whole later republican tradition — Harrington, the Commonwealthmen, the American founders — descends from the claim Bruni made first: that liberty is not merely a condition of comfort but the cause of a people's achievements.",1370,1444,"Italian","writer","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},161,"Renaissance Humanism","renaissance-humanism","The intellectual movement that recovered classical learning and made human experience, rather than theological authority, the center of philosophical reflection.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[],[143,150],{"title":144,"year":145,"year_display":146,"description":147,"kind":148,"sort_order":149},"Panegyric to the City of Florence",1404,"c. 1404","Argues that Florentine achievement follows from Florentine liberty, and that free cities make able citizens because ability can be used.","work",1,{"title":151,"year":152,"year_display":153,"description":154,"kind":148,"sort_order":155},"History of the Florentine People",1442,"c. 1415-42","The first history since antiquity written with sources weighed, miracles omitted, and causes sought in interest and faction.",2,[157,161,165,169,173,177,181,185,189,193,197,198,202,206,210,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,339,343,347,351,355,359,363,367,371,375,379,383,386,390,393,397,401,405,409,413,417,421,424],{"name":158,"slug":159,"birth_year":160},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":162,"slug":163,"birth_year":164},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":166,"slug":167,"birth_year":168},"Xenophon","xenophon",-430,{"name":170,"slug":171,"birth_year":172},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":174,"slug":175,"birth_year":176},"Al-Farabi","al-farabi",872,{"name":178,"slug":179,"birth_year":180},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":182,"slug":183,"birth_year":184},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":186,"slug":187,"birth_year":188},"Marsilius of Padua","marsilius-of-padua",1275,{"name":190,"slug":191,"birth_year":192},"William of Ockham","william-of-ockham",1287,{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"Petrarch","petrarch",1304,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":209},"Étienne de La Boétie","etienne-de-la-boetie",{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Francis Bacon","francis-bacon",1561,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Johannes Althusius","johannes-althusius",1563,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"James Harrington","james-harrington",1611,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Pierre Bayle","pierre-bayle",1647,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"Giambattista Vico","giambattista-vico",1668,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":276},"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","pierre-joseph-proudhon",{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Herbert Spencer","herbert-spencer",1820,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Georges Sorel","georges-sorel",1847,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Eduard Bernstein","eduard-bernstein",1850,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":299},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":303},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":307},"Vladimir Lenin","vladimir-lenin",1870,{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":311},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":313,"slug":314,"birth_year":315},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":317,"slug":318,"birth_year":319},"Oswald Spengler","oswald-spengler",1880,{"name":321,"slug":322,"birth_year":323},"José Ortega y Gasset","jose-ortega-y-gasset",1883,{"name":325,"slug":326,"birth_year":327},"Walter Lippmann","walter-lippmann",1889,{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":335},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",{"name":340,"slug":341,"birth_year":342},"Karl Popper","karl-popper",1902,{"name":344,"slug":345,"birth_year":346},"George Orwell","george-orwell",1903,{"name":348,"slug":349,"birth_year":350},"Raymond Aron","raymond-aron",1905,{"name":352,"slug":353,"birth_year":354},"Hannah Arendt","hannah-arendt",1906,{"name":356,"slug":357,"birth_year":358},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":360,"slug":361,"birth_year":362},"Albert Camus","albert-camus",1913,{"name":364,"slug":365,"birth_year":366},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":368,"slug":369,"birth_year":370},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":374},"John Rawls","john-rawls",1921,{"name":376,"slug":377,"birth_year":378},"Judith Shklar","judith-shklar",1928,{"name":380,"slug":381,"birth_year":382},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":382},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",{"name":387,"slug":388,"birth_year":389},"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor",1931,{"name":391,"slug":392,"birth_year":389},"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty",{"name":394,"slug":395,"birth_year":396},"Michael Walzer","michael-walzer",1935,{"name":398,"slug":399,"birth_year":400},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":402,"slug":403,"birth_year":404},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":406,"slug":407,"birth_year":408},"Martha Nussbaum","martha-nussbaum",1947,{"name":410,"slug":411,"birth_year":412},"Francis Fukuyama","francis-fukuyama",1952,{"name":414,"slug":415,"birth_year":416},"Michael Sandel","michael-sandel",1953,{"name":418,"slug":419,"birth_year":420},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":422,"slug":423,"birth_year":112},"G.A. Cohen","ga-cohen",{"name":425,"slug":426,"birth_year":112},"Amy Gutmann","amy-gutmann",{"cards":428,"influenced":433,"shapedBy":437,"outbound":149},[429],{"slug":195,"name":194,"type":430,"strength":431,"description":432},"influenced","foundational","Bruni inherited the humanist programme and reversed its direction, reading the ancients as instruction for the active life of a citizen rather than as a retreat from a debased present.",[434],{"slug":435,"name":436},"niccolo-machiavelli","Niccolò Machiavelli",[]]