[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-john-of-salisbury":100,"$fqJGZYooByYsBnHh9Ng_TLBSTUkw-j11wXBVBj7jBtDY":343},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":167,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":179},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1135,"john-of-salisbury","John of Salisbury","Secretary to Becket and author of the Policraticus, the first full-length work of political theory in the medieval West — and the first to justify killing a tyrant.","John of Salisbury studied at Paris under Abelard, served two archbishops of Canterbury as secretary, stood beside Thomas Becket in the quarrel with Henry II, was present in the cathedral when Becket was murdered, and ended as Bishop of Chartres. He was also the best Latinist of his century and knew more classical literature than almost anyone between the fall of Rome and Petrarch.\n\nThe Policraticus, finished in 1159, is the first substantial treatise on politics written in the medieval West, and it is organised around a metaphor that would govern European political language for four hundred years. The commonwealth is a body: the prince is the head, the senate the heart, judges and governors the eyes and ears, soldiers the hands, financial officers the stomach, and the peasantry the feet, which touch the soil and must be protected because the whole body falls if they give way. The image gave political argument a vocabulary of function, proportion and mutual dependence in which harm to one part is injury to all.\n\nIts most consequential claim concerns the ruler who fails that function. John distinguishes the prince, who governs according to law and serves the commonwealth, from the tyrant, who oppresses it by force and treats public power as private property. The prince is the image of the divine; the tyrant is an image of its opposite. And because the tyrant has broken the bond that made obedience owed, John concludes that it is not merely permitted but just to kill him. He hedges the doctrine with conditions — no poison, no violation of an oath of fealty — but the doctrine is there, stated plainly, three centuries before anyone else in the Latin west would go so far. It was quarried by every later writer on resistance, by conciliarists, by the Huguenot monarchomachs after 1572, and by the defenders of the English regicide.\n\nThe Metalogicon, written the same year, is a defence of the liberal arts against those who thought logic and grammar a waste of a clerical career. It contains the sentence, attributed to his teacher Bernard of Chartres, about standing on the shoulders of giants.",1120,1180,"English","writer","Medieval",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[142,146,150,154,158,162],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":147},{"name":148,"slug":149},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":163,"traditions":164},"reacts_against",{"name":165,"slug":166},"Political Realism","political-realism",[168,175],{"title":169,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":172,"kind":173,"sort_order":174},"Policraticus",1159,"1159","The first full-length political treatise of the medieval West: the commonwealth as a body, and the tyrant as one whom it is just to kill.","work",1,{"title":176,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":177,"kind":173,"sort_order":178},"Metalogicon","A defence of grammar and logic against those who thought them a waste of a career, and the source of the phrase about standing on the shoulders of giants.",2,[180,184,188,192,193,197,201,205,209,213,217,220,224,228,232,236,240,244,248,252,256,260,264,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340],{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":198,"slug":199,"birth_year":200},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":202,"slug":203,"birth_year":204},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":206,"slug":207,"birth_year":208},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":212},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":216},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":231},"Francisco Suárez","francisco-suarez",1548,{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":251},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":253,"slug":254,"birth_year":255},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":259},"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz",1646,{"name":261,"slug":262,"birth_year":263},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":265,"slug":266,"birth_year":267},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":299},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":303},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":307},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":311},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":313,"slug":314,"birth_year":315},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":317,"slug":318,"birth_year":319},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":321,"slug":322,"birth_year":323},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":325,"slug":326,"birth_year":327},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":339},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":341,"slug":342,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":344,"influenced":345,"shapedBy":350,"outbound":178},[],[346,349],{"slug":347,"name":348},"peter-abelard","Peter Abelard",{"slug":203,"name":202},[]]