[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-john-millar":100,"$f5QLgBC8d2F9S3C9i9o9ac-9GYb2SeflMt5hAp7gRJYQ":211},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":146,"works":147,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":164},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1122,"john-millar","John Millar","Smith's student and Glasgow's professor of civil law, who explained rank, authority and the position of women as products of the mode of subsistence rather than of nature.","John Millar heard Adam Smith lecture at Glasgow, read law under Lord Kames in Edinburgh, and on Kames's recommendation took the chair of Civil Law at Glasgow in 1761, holding it for forty years. He was by all accounts the outstanding teacher of the Scottish universities in his generation, lecturing without notes to classes that drew students from England and America, and his politics were unusually forthright for a professor of law: an advocate of the American colonists, a critic of the slave trade, a supporter of parliamentary reform, and a defender of the early French Revolution long after that had become uncomfortable.\n\nThe Origin of the Distinction of Ranks, published in 1771, is the first sustained attempt to explain social stratification as a historical product. Millar takes the stadial framework he had from Smith and Kames and applies it not to law in general but to the specific question of who has authority over whom. He examines the position of women, the authority of fathers over children, the relation of master and servant, the power of chiefs and sovereigns, and in each case argues that the arrangement follows from the mode of subsistence and the distribution of property it produces. The treatment of women is the most striking: he opens the book with it, treats the condition of women as an index of a society's development, and derives it from economic circumstance rather than from nature or scripture.\n\nHe was equally clear about the direction of causation in politics. The Historical View of the English Government of 1787 argues that the constitution is not the working out of ancient liberties but the record of shifting economic power, that commerce dissolved feudal dependence by giving tenants somewhere else to go, and that the growth of manufacturing was creating a new set of interests the constitution had not yet accommodated. Later editions added notes on the corrupting effect of the national debt and of colonial patronage on parliamentary independence.\n\nThe result is a body of work that reads as sociology written before the word existed, and Millar has accordingly been claimed as a precursor by writers with very different aims — by historians of sociology for the analysis of rank, and by Marxists for the argument that legal and political forms follow from property relations.",1735,1801,"Scottish","jurist","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},48,"Comparative Politics","comparative-politics","The systematic study of how political institutions, customs, and practices vary across different societies and historical periods.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},162,"Political Sociology","political-sociology","The systematic study of the social foundations of political authority, institutions, and action.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},7,"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment","The 18th century intellectual movement centered in Edinburgh and Glasgow that produced some of the most important philosophical work of its era.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":124,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"converges_with","Weber worked in both, and the question of how social structure produces political form belongs to each without either owning it.",[139,144],{"relation_type":140,"traditions":141},"descends_from",{"name":142,"slug":143},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":145},{"name":125,"slug":126},[],[148,154,159],{"title":149,"year":150,"year_display":112,"description":151,"kind":152,"sort_order":153},"The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks",1771,"The first sustained attempt to derive social stratification from the mode of subsistence, opening with the position of women as the index of a society's development.","work",1,{"title":155,"year":156,"year_display":112,"description":157,"kind":152,"sort_order":158},"An Historical View of the English Government",1787,"Reads the constitution as the record of shifting economic power rather than the working out of ancient liberties, with later editions on debt and patronage corrupting parliamentary independence.",2,{"title":160,"year":161,"year_display":112,"description":162,"kind":152,"sort_order":163},"Letters of Crito",1796,"Newspaper letters against the war with revolutionary France, and the clearest statement of the reformist politics he held to after it had become costly.",3,[165,169,170,174,178,182,186,190,194,198,202,205,208],{"name":166,"slug":167,"birth_year":168},"Charles de Montesquieu","charles-de-montesquieu",1689,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":171,"slug":172,"birth_year":173},"Alexis de Tocqueville","alexis-de-tocqueville",1805,{"name":175,"slug":176,"birth_year":177},"Woodrow Wilson","woodrow-wilson",1856,{"name":179,"slug":180,"birth_year":181},"Gaetano Mosca","gaetano-mosca",1858,{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Roberto Michels","roberto-michels",1876,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Jeane Kirkpatrick","jeane-kirkpatrick",1926,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Samuel Huntington","samuel-huntington",1927,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"John Judis","john-judis",1941,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Daron Acemoglu","daron-acemoglu",1967,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":112},"Paul Collier","paul-collier",{"name":206,"slug":207,"birth_year":112},"Ivan Krastev","ivan-krastev",{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":112},"Dominic Cummings","dominic-cummings",{"cards":212,"influenced":225,"shapedBy":226,"outbound":227},[213,219],{"slug":214,"name":215,"type":216,"strength":217,"description":218},"adam-smith","Adam Smith","taught","foundational","Millar attended Smith's Glasgow lectures and built the Distinction of Ranks on the stadial jurisprudence he heard there, applying it to authority rather than to law in general.",{"slug":220,"name":221,"type":222,"strength":223,"description":224},"lord-kames","Henry Home, Lord Kames","influenced","significant","Millar read law under Kames in Edinburgh and owed to him both the Glasgow chair and the four-stage framework he applied to rank.",[],[],0]