[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-john-lilburne":100,"$flxrnv6dsah2T5kBFmo3WAX2yPXJrx0N8nxh6H5ac5Gc":345},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":167,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":181},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1173,"john-lilburne","John Lilburne","Leveller agitator and the most tried man in England, who argued for a written constitution, equality before the law, and rights no parliament could vote away.","John Lilburne was whipped through the streets of London at twenty-four for distributing unlicensed books, and spent most of the following twenty years in prison under every regime England had — Charles I's, the Long Parliament's, and Cromwell's. Free-born John, they called him. He was tried for his life three times and acquitted by juries each time, on the last occasion to such public rejoicing that the soldiers guarding the court joined in.\n\nThe Levellers were the first modern political movement: they had a programme, a press, organisers, petitions with tens of thousands of signatures, and a subscription structure. The programme, set out across successive versions of the Agreement of the People, is startling for the 1640s. A written constitution, superior to Parliament and unalterable by it. Elections at fixed intervals on redrawn constituencies. Manhood suffrage, or something close to it — the extent was disputed among them. Equality before the law, with legal proceedings in English rather than law French. Abolition of imprisonment for debt, of tithes, of monopolies. Liberty of conscience, with no power in any magistrate over religion. And most fundamentally, a set of reserved rights that no representative body could touch, because the people never gave them up in constituting it.\n\nThat last idea is Lilburne's most durable contribution. Parliament had claimed sovereignty from the king; the Levellers replied that the people are sovereign, that Parliament is their agent, and that an agent cannot hold powers the principal never delegated. It is the argument for entrenched fundamental rights against legislative majorities, made a century and a half before any state adopted it.\n\nThe movement was destroyed by Cromwell. The Putney debates of 1647, where Levellers and grandees argued out whether the poorest he in England has a life to live as the greatest he, are the most remarkable political discussion of the century and ended in nothing; the army mutinies of 1649 were suppressed and their leaders shot. But the ideas persisted underground in English radicalism, resurfacing in the corresponding societies of the 1790s and in Chartism, and the American revolutionaries arrived at strikingly similar conclusions about written constitutions and reserved rights.",1614,1657,"English","activist","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[142,146,150,154,158,162],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":147},{"name":148,"slug":149},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":155},{"name":156,"slug":157},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":137,"traditions":159},{"name":160,"slug":161},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":163,"traditions":164},"reacts_against",{"name":165,"slug":166},"Political Realism","political-realism",[168,175],{"title":169,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":172,"kind":173,"sort_order":174},"An Agreement of the People",1649,"1647-49","The Leveller constitution: fixed elections, equality before the law, liberty of conscience, and rights reserved from any representative body.","work",1,{"title":176,"year":177,"year_display":178,"description":179,"kind":173,"sort_order":180},"England's Birth-Right Justified",1645,"1645","Argues that Parliament is the people's agent and cannot hold powers the people never delegated to it.",2,[182,186,190,194,198,202,206,210,214,218,222,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,250,254,258,262,266,270,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,326,330,334,338,342],{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":209},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":221},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Francisco Suárez","francisco-suarez",1548,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":257},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":259,"slug":260,"birth_year":261},"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz",1646,{"name":263,"slug":264,"birth_year":265},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":267,"slug":268,"birth_year":269},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":271,"slug":272,"birth_year":273},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":325},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":333},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":335,"slug":336,"birth_year":337},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":339,"slug":340,"birth_year":341},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":343,"slug":344,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":346,"influenced":353,"shapedBy":357,"outbound":174},[347],{"slug":348,"name":349,"type":350,"strength":351,"description":352},"gerrard-winstanley","Gerrard Winstanley","opposed","significant","The Diggers called themselves True Levellers because the Levellers, for all their radicalism, defended property in land — which Winstanley held to be the original theft.",[354],{"slug":355,"name":356},"thomas-paine","Thomas Paine",[]]