[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-john-bright":100,"$fKbXO4wUNGSBo102xX1oeJGBuhFYF7C1GDb72Un8Mu7U":463},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":132,"homeIn":145,"works":189,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":202},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1229,"john-bright","John Bright","Quaker mill-owner and the greatest orator of Victorian politics, who fought the Corn Laws, opposed the Crimean War, and carried the franchise to the working man.","John Bright was a Rochdale cotton spinner and a Quaker, and both facts governed his career. He met Cobden in 1841 shortly after his wife's death, when Cobden told him to come with him and they would never rest until the Corn Laws were repealed, and he became the League's platform voice — by common consent the finest speaker in the Commons in a century that valued the skill above all others.\n\nHis Quakerism made him a consistent opponent of war, and it cost him more than free trade ever did. He denounced the Crimean War from the beginning, when it was overwhelmingly popular, in the speech about the Angel of Death having been abroad throughout the land and one almost hearing the beating of his wings. Manchester threw him out at the next election. He opposed the Afghan wars, the bombardment of Canton, and the coercion of Ireland, and he resigned from Gladstone's cabinet in 1882 over the bombardment of Alexandria.\n\nHe was equally isolated over America. When most of the British establishment, including much of the Liberal press, favoured the Confederacy on grounds of cotton and of dislike for democracy, Bright argued for the Union throughout, on the ground that the war was about slavery and that the American republic was the standing proof that ordinary men could govern themselves. Lincoln kept his portrait and a Bright letter was in his pocket at Ford's Theatre.\n\nHis third cause was the franchise. Bright campaigned through the 1860s for the enfranchisement of the urban working class, arguing against the doctrine that the constitution belonged to those with property, and the Reform Act of 1867 is substantially his achievement even though a Conservative government passed it. He coined the phrase about England being the mother of parliaments, and refused a peerage twice.\n\nHe was not a systematic thinker and produced no book. What he supplied was the moral vocabulary of nineteenth-century radical liberalism — that foreign policy is a moral question, that the interests of the people and of the governing class are not identical, and that the case for extending the vote rests on the capacity of ordinary men.",1811,1889,"English","politician","19th Century",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},1,"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism","The political tradition that holds individual liberty as the highest political value and the state's role as protecting rights rather than directing citizens' lives.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},46,"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought","The tradition of political analysis committed to individual liberty, constitutional government, and limited state power, while increasingly aware of the complexities of mass democratic society.",[129],{"source_tradition_id":124,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":130,"description":131},"descends_from","Descends from it but adds a sociological awareness classical liberalism lacked: that liberty is shaped by social conditions, not merely protected by law.",[133,137,141],{"relation_type":130,"traditions":134},{"name":135,"slug":136},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":138},{"name":139,"slug":140},"Scottish Enlightenment","scottish-enlightenment",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",[146,148,152,156,160,164,168,172,177,181,185],{"relation_type":130,"traditions":147},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":130,"traditions":149},{"name":150,"slug":151},"Liberal Feminism","liberal-feminism",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":153},{"name":154,"slug":155},"Individualist Anarchism","individualist-anarchism",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":157},{"name":158,"slug":159},"Libertarianism","libertarianism",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":161},{"name":162,"slug":163},"Chicago School Economics","chicago-school-economics",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":165},{"name":166,"slug":167},"Public Choice","public-choice",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":169},{"name":170,"slug":171},"Austrian School Economics","austrian-school-economics",{"relation_type":173,"traditions":174},"reacts_against",{"name":175,"slug":176},"Marxism","marxism",{"relation_type":173,"traditions":178},{"name":179,"slug":180},"Keynesianism","keynesianism",{"relation_type":173,"traditions":182},{"name":183,"slug":184},"Progressivism","progressivism",{"relation_type":173,"traditions":186},{"name":187,"slug":188},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",[190,196],{"title":191,"year":192,"year_display":193,"description":194,"kind":195,"sort_order":118},"Speeches on Parliamentary Reform",1866,"1866","The case for enfranchising the urban working class, against the doctrine that the constitution belongs to those with property.","work",{"title":197,"year":198,"year_display":199,"description":200,"kind":195,"sort_order":201},"Speeches on the American Question",1865,"1865","Argued for the Union when most of the British establishment favoured the Confederacy; Lincoln kept his portrait.",2,[203,207,211,215,219,223,227,231,235,239,242,246,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,325,329,333,337,341,345,348,352,356,359,363,367,371,375,379,383,387,391,395,399,403,407,410,414,417,421,425,428,432,436,439,442,445,448,451,454,457,460],{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"John Locke","john-locke",1632,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":210},"Adam Smith","adam-smith",1723,{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"George Washington","george-washington",1732,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"Patrick Henry","patrick-henry",1736,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Thomas Paine","thomas-paine",1737,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Thomas Jefferson","thomas-jefferson",1743,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"James Madison","james-madison",1751,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Alexander Hamilton","alexander-hamilton",1755,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Thomas Malthus","thomas-malthus",1766,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":238},"Germaine de Staël","germaine-de-stael",{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Andrew Jackson","andrew-jackson",1767,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":245},"Benjamin Constant","benjamin-constant",{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"David Ricardo","david-ricardo",1772,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Simón Bolívar","simon-bolivar",1783,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Frédéric Bastiat","frederic-bastiat",1801,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Richard Cobden","richard-cobden",1804,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"John Stuart Mill","john-stuart-mill",1806,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Harriet Taylor Mill","harriet-taylor-mill",1807,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Susan B. Anthony","susan-b-anthony",1820,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Grover Cleveland","grover-cleveland",1837,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Henry George","henry-george",1839,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"William Graham Sumner","william-graham-sumner",1840,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Booker T. Washington","booker-t-washington",1856,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"Albert Jay Nock","albert-jay-nock",1870,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"H.L. Mencken","hl-mencken",1880,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"Ludwig von Mises","ludwig-von-mises",1881,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"Rose Wilder Lane","rose-wilder-lane",1886,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":108},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",{"name":326,"slug":327,"birth_year":328},"Henry Hazlitt","henry-hazlitt",1894,{"name":330,"slug":331,"birth_year":332},"Ludwig Erhard","ludwig-erhard",1897,{"name":334,"slug":335,"birth_year":336},"Friedrich Hayek","friedrich-hayek",1899,{"name":338,"slug":339,"birth_year":340},"Ayn Rand","ayn-rand",1905,{"name":342,"slug":343,"birth_year":344},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":346,"slug":347,"birth_year":344},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":349,"slug":350,"birth_year":351},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":353,"slug":354,"birth_year":355},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":357,"slug":358,"birth_year":355},"Milton Friedman","milton-friedman",{"name":360,"slug":361,"birth_year":362},"James M. Buchanan","james-m-buchanan",1919,{"name":364,"slug":365,"birth_year":366},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":368,"slug":369,"birth_year":370},"Murray Rothbard","murray-rothbard",1926,{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":374},"Thomas Sowell","thomas-sowell",1930,{"name":376,"slug":377,"birth_year":378},"Jagdish Bhagwati","jagdish-bhagwati",1934,{"name":380,"slug":381,"birth_year":382},"Walter Williams","walter-williams",1936,{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":386},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":388,"slug":389,"birth_year":390},"Deirdre McCloskey","deirdre-mccloskey",1942,{"name":392,"slug":393,"birth_year":394},"Charles Murray","charles-murray-social-scientist",1943,{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":398},"David Boaz","david-boaz",1953,{"name":400,"slug":401,"birth_year":402},"Matt Ridley","matt-ridley",1958,{"name":404,"slug":405,"birth_year":406},"Max More","max-more",1964,{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":406},"Niall Ferguson","niall-ferguson",{"name":411,"slug":412,"birth_year":413},"Ayaan Hirsi Ali","ayaan-hirsi-ali",1969,{"name":415,"slug":416,"birth_year":413},"David French","david-french",{"name":418,"slug":419,"birth_year":420},"Bryan Caplan","bryan-caplan",1971,{"name":422,"slug":423,"birth_year":424},"Johan Norberg","johan-norberg",1973,{"name":426,"slug":427,"birth_year":424},"Megan McArdle","megan-mcardle",{"name":429,"slug":430,"birth_year":431},"Jason Brennan","jason-brennan",1979,{"name":433,"slug":434,"birth_year":435},"Sarah Haider","sarah-haider",1991,{"name":437,"slug":438,"birth_year":112},"Gottfried Dietze","gottfried-dietze",{"name":440,"slug":441,"birth_year":112},"Julian Simon","julian-simon",{"name":443,"slug":444,"birth_year":112},"Martin Feldstein","martin-feldstein",{"name":446,"slug":447,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":449,"slug":450,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm von Humboldt","wilhelm-von-humboldt",{"name":452,"slug":453,"birth_year":112},"Karl Hess","karl-hess",{"name":455,"slug":456,"birth_year":112},"Loren Lomasky","loren-lomasky",{"name":458,"slug":459,"birth_year":112},"Matt Zwolinski","matt-zwolinski",{"name":461,"slug":462,"birth_year":112},"Brink Lindsey","brink-lindsey",{"cards":464,"influenced":469,"shapedBy":470,"outbound":471},[465],{"slug":263,"name":262,"type":466,"strength":467,"description":468},"influenced","foundational","Cobden recruited him to the Anti-Corn Law League in 1841 and they campaigned together for twenty-five years on free trade, non-intervention and reform.",[],[],0]