[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-johannes-althusius":100,"$fIGum22lKfbvoX8DHtuKk9qZnVL6Ak0gfw9stpnmo7Z0":421},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":142,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":150},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1158,"johannes-althusius","Johannes Althusius","The Calvinist syndic whose Politica built the commonwealth upward from families and guilds through provinces to the state, making federalism a theory rather than an expedient.","Johannes Althusius taught law at Herborn and spent thirty years as syndic of the city of Emden, a Calvinist republic that had asserted its independence against its Lutheran count. The Politica Methodice Digesta of 1603 is the political theory of that situation, and it is the most thoroughly worked out alternative to Bodin produced in the period.\n\nPolitics, Althusius begins, is the art of associating: the science by which people join to establish a common life. The commonwealth is not a mass of individuals under a sovereign but a nested structure of associations, each with its own life and rights. Families and colleges — guilds, corporations — are the private associations; from these are constituted cities, from cities provinces, and from provinces the commonwealth. Each level is formed by agreement among the members of the level below, and each retains the competences appropriate to it. Higher associations exist to do what lower ones cannot, which is the principle later called subsidiarity, and they hold their authority as a trust from below.\n\nSovereignty, on this account, belongs to the whole organised people and cannot belong to a ruler at all — Bodin, he says, erred precisely here. The supreme magistrate administers what the people own; he is bound by the covenant on which he was admitted; and the ephors, the representatives of the constituent bodies, may resist and depose him if he breaks it. This is Calvinist resistance theory given a full constitutional architecture rather than a doctrine of emergency.\n\nAlthusius was largely forgotten for two and a half centuries — Bodin's concept of sovereignty won, and unitary states had no use for him — until Otto von Gierke recovered him in 1880. He has since been claimed by federalists, by Catholic social thought for subsidiarity, by Dutch neo-Calvinism through Kuyper's sphere sovereignty, and by communitarians looking for a theory of the state that begins with real associations rather than with individuals and a contract. The European Union's subsidiarity principle has a genealogy that runs back to Emden.",1563,1638,"German","jurist","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},9,"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory","The tradition that grounds political legitimacy in a hypothetical agreement among free individuals about the terms of their common life.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[],[143],{"title":144,"year":145,"year_display":146,"description":147,"kind":148,"sort_order":149},"Politica Methodice Digesta",1603,"1603","Builds the commonwealth upward from families and guilds through cities and provinces, with sovereignty belonging to the organised people.","work",1,[151,155,159,163,167,171,175,179,183,187,191,195,199,203,207,210,214,218,219,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267,271,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,326,330,333,337,341,345,349,353,357,361,365,369,373,377,380,384,387,391,395,399,403,407,411,415,418],{"name":152,"slug":153,"birth_year":154},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":156,"slug":157,"birth_year":158},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":160,"slug":161,"birth_year":162},"Xenophon","xenophon",-430,{"name":164,"slug":165,"birth_year":166},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":168,"slug":169,"birth_year":170},"Al-Farabi","al-farabi",872,{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Marsilius of Padua","marsilius-of-padua",1275,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"William of Ockham","william-of-ockham",1287,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"Petrarch","petrarch",1304,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Leonardo Bruni","leonardo-bruni",1370,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":206},"Étienne de La Boétie","etienne-de-la-boetie",{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Francis Bacon","francis-bacon",1561,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"James Harrington","james-harrington",1611,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"Pierre Bayle","pierre-bayle",1647,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Giambattista Vico","giambattista-vico",1668,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":270},"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","pierre-joseph-proudhon",{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"Herbert Spencer","herbert-spencer",1820,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Georges Sorel","georges-sorel",1847,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Eduard Bernstein","eduard-bernstein",1850,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Vladimir Lenin","vladimir-lenin",1870,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"Oswald Spengler","oswald-spengler",1880,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"José Ortega y Gasset","jose-ortega-y-gasset",1883,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"Walter Lippmann","walter-lippmann",1889,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":325},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":329},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",{"name":334,"slug":335,"birth_year":336},"Karl Popper","karl-popper",1902,{"name":338,"slug":339,"birth_year":340},"George Orwell","george-orwell",1903,{"name":342,"slug":343,"birth_year":344},"Raymond Aron","raymond-aron",1905,{"name":346,"slug":347,"birth_year":348},"Hannah Arendt","hannah-arendt",1906,{"name":350,"slug":351,"birth_year":352},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":354,"slug":355,"birth_year":356},"Albert Camus","albert-camus",1913,{"name":358,"slug":359,"birth_year":360},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":362,"slug":363,"birth_year":364},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":366,"slug":367,"birth_year":368},"John Rawls","john-rawls",1921,{"name":370,"slug":371,"birth_year":372},"Judith Shklar","judith-shklar",1928,{"name":374,"slug":375,"birth_year":376},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":376},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":383},"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor",1931,{"name":385,"slug":386,"birth_year":383},"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty",{"name":388,"slug":389,"birth_year":390},"Michael Walzer","michael-walzer",1935,{"name":392,"slug":393,"birth_year":394},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":398},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":400,"slug":401,"birth_year":402},"Martha Nussbaum","martha-nussbaum",1947,{"name":404,"slug":405,"birth_year":406},"Francis Fukuyama","francis-fukuyama",1952,{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":410},"Michael Sandel","michael-sandel",1953,{"name":412,"slug":413,"birth_year":414},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":416,"slug":417,"birth_year":112},"G.A. Cohen","ga-cohen",{"name":419,"slug":420,"birth_year":112},"Amy Gutmann","amy-gutmann",{"cards":422,"influenced":429,"shapedBy":433,"outbound":149},[423],{"slug":424,"name":425,"type":426,"strength":427,"description":428},"john-calvin","John Calvin","influenced","foundational","The Politica is Calvinist resistance theory given a constitutional architecture: a covenanted magistracy, ephors representing the constituent bodies, and deposition where the covenant is broken.",[430],{"slug":431,"name":432},"abraham-kuyper","Abraham Kuyper",[]]