[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-johann-gottlieb-fichte":100,"$f1BChMl6xEGBEHshx7bbr4mR8eB4Ce_c-CkxX79u0tFU":218},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":143,"works":173,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":193},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1206,"johann-gottlieb-fichte","Johann Gottlieb Fichte","The philosopher of the self-positing I, who lost his chair for atheism and then gave the Addresses to the German Nation that made education a weapon of national revival.","Johann Gottlieb Fichte was the son of a ribbon weaver, sent to school by a nobleman who admired his memory for sermons, and made famous overnight when his first book appeared anonymously and was taken for Kant's. He held the chair at Jena, lost it in 1799 in the atheism controversy after publishing an essay identifying God with the moral order of the world, and ended as first elected rector of the new University of Berlin.\n\nThe Wissenschaftslehre begins from a dissatisfaction with Kant. If the thing-in-itself is unknowable, Fichte argued, it does no work and should go; and if it goes, the whole system must be derived from the one thing given absolutely, which is the I positing itself. From that act he deduces the not-I, the categories, and the structure of experience. It is idealism carried to its limit, and it is also, in his hands, moral rather than metaphysical: the self is fundamentally activity and striving, the world is the material of duty, and theoretical philosophy exists to underwrite practical philosophy. What sort of philosophy one chooses, he wrote, depends on what sort of person one is.\n\nHis politics moved a long way. The early Fichte defended the French Revolution when that was dangerous, argued for freedom of thought against princes, and in the Closed Commercial State of 1800 proposed an economically self-sufficient republic that guarantees every citizen the means of subsistence — an early and thorough statement of the state as guarantor of material right, claimed since by socialists and by autarkists.\n\nThen came Jena and the French occupation of Berlin. The Addresses to the German Nation, delivered in the winter of 1807-08 in a city under French guard, argue that Germany can be reborn only through a total national education forming citizens who will the good spontaneously, and that the Germans are an Urvolk speaking an original language while the Romance peoples speak derived ones. The lectures are the founding document of German cultural nationalism as a political programme; they were quarried enthusiastically in 1914 and after 1933, and the argument over how much of that Fichte licensed has never settled.\n\nBetween the two stands his account of recognition — that self-consciousness requires being summoned by another free being — which Hegel took over and made central.",1762,1814,"German","philosopher","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},49,"German Idealism","german-idealism","The early 19th century philosophical tradition centered in Germany, focused on the relationship between mind and reality, the nature of self-consciousness, and the conditions of freedom.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},479,"Nationalism","nationalism","The principle that humanity divides into nations, that each is entitled to govern itself, and that political and national boundaries should coincide.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},39,"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought","The tradition that emphasizes feeling, authenticity, community, and the natural goodness of human beings against the cold rationalism of Enlightenment liberalism.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":124,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Herder's claim that humanity exists only as particular peoples, each with its own language and way of being, is the cultural version's source.",[139],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",[144,148,152,156,160,164,169],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":145},{"name":146,"slug":147},"Dialectical Philosophy","dialectical-philosophy",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":149},{"name":150,"slug":151},"Philosophy of History","philosophy-of-history",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":153},{"name":154,"slug":155},"Aesthetic Philosophy","aesthetic-philosophy",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":157},{"name":158,"slug":159},"British Idealism","british-idealism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":161},{"name":162,"slug":163},"Marxism","marxism",{"relation_type":165,"traditions":166},"reacts_against",{"name":167,"slug":168},"Existentialism","existentialism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":170},{"name":171,"slug":172},"Phenomenology","phenomenology",[174,181,187],{"title":175,"year":176,"year_display":177,"description":178,"kind":179,"sort_order":180},"Foundations of the Science of Knowledge",1794,"1794","Discards Kant's thing-in-itself and derives the whole system from the I positing itself; idealism carried to its limit and made practical.","work",1,{"title":182,"year":183,"year_display":184,"description":185,"kind":179,"sort_order":186},"Addresses to the German Nation",1808,"1807-08","Delivered in Berlin under French guard: national revival through a total education, and the Germans as an Urvolk speaking an original language.",2,{"title":188,"year":189,"year_display":190,"description":191,"kind":179,"sort_order":192},"The Closed Commercial State",1800,"1800","An economically self-sufficient republic guaranteeing every citizen the means of subsistence; claimed since by socialists and autarkists alike.",3,[194,198,202,203,207,211,215],{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"Immanuel Kant","immanuel-kant",1724,{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Friedrich Schiller","friedrich-schiller",1759,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"G.W.F. Hegel","g-w-f-hegel",1770,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":210},"Friedrich Schelling","friedrich-schelling",1775,{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"Ludwig Feuerbach","ludwig-feuerbach",1804,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":112},"Giovanni Gentile","giovanni-gentile",{"cards":219,"influenced":229,"shapedBy":231,"outbound":180},[220,224],{"slug":196,"name":195,"type":221,"strength":222,"description":223},"influenced","foundational","Fichte's first book was taken for Kant's; the Wissenschaftslehre then discards the thing-in-itself on the ground that an unknowable does no work.",{"slug":225,"name":226,"type":221,"strength":227,"description":228},"johann-gottfried-herder","Johann Gottfried Herder","significant","The claim that a people is constituted by its language, and that an original language marks an original people, is Herder's before it is the Addresses'.",[230],{"slug":205,"name":204},[]]