[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-johann-gottfried-herder":100,"$ffJth9_VbZZ7aVxcPS45ZRU6yyEcuOj798mqdWhJyekg":277},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":141,"works":159,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":185},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1205,"johann-gottfried-herder","Johann Gottfried Herder","The pastor who argued that each people has its own irreducible way of being human, founding cultural nationalism and the case against a single standard of progress.","Johann Gottfried Herder studied under Kant at Königsberg, was pushed toward literature by Hamann, and spent most of his life as a court preacher at Weimar, where Goethe had secured him the post and where the two quarrelled steadily.\n\nHis central claim is that humanity does not exist in the singular. Each people — Volk — has its own language, poetry, religion and law, forming a coherent way of living that grew from a particular climate, history and set of circumstances, and that can be understood only from inside. There is no universal standard against which cultures can be graded, because the standards themselves are internal to the cultures that produced them. Every nation has its centre of gravity within itself, he wrote, and the Enlightenment habit of measuring all peoples against contemporary Paris struck him as both arrogant and blind. His Yet Another Philosophy of History is a sustained attack on precisely that habit, and on the complacency of an age that mistook its own preferences for the destination of history.\n\nLanguage carries the argument. Herder held that thought is inseparable from language, that language is neither divine gift nor arbitrary convention but grew from the human situation, and that since each language segments the world differently, each people thinks differently in a way translation cannot fully bridge. It follows that a people's poetry, especially its oldest and least literary poetry, is the deposit of its collective soul. He collected folk songs across Europe, and the whole nineteenth-century enterprise of gathering national ballads, epics and tales — the Grimms and their many imitators — proceeds from him.\n\nThe political consequences ran two ways and he is responsible for both. He was a genuine pluralist who despised conquest, thought empire an offence against the peoples it absorbed, condemned colonialism in strong terms, and expected nations to flourish alongside one another without hierarchy. He also supplied cultural nationalism with its entire vocabulary: the nation as an organism with a soul, authenticity as fidelity to one's own inheritance, and the foreign as a contamination. What he intended as a defence of small peoples against large ones was available within two generations to peoples who wished to become large.\n\nBerlin made him, with Vico, the founder of the counter-Enlightenment and of value pluralism.",1744,1803,"German","philosopher","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},479,"Nationalism","nationalism","The principle that humanity divides into nations, that each is entitled to govern itself, and that political and national boundaries should coincide.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},51,"Philosophy of History","philosophy-of-history","The systematic philosophical attempt to understand history as a process with meaning and direction.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},39,"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought","The tradition that emphasizes feeling, authenticity, community, and the natural goodness of human beings against the cold rationalism of Enlightenment liberalism.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Herder's claim that humanity exists only as particular peoples, each with its own language and way of being, is the cultural version's source.",[139],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":131,"slug":132},[142,146,150,154],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Fascism","fascism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":147},{"name":148,"slug":149},"Anti-Colonial Thought","anti-colonial-thought",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Zionism","zionism",{"relation_type":155,"traditions":156},"converges_with",{"name":157,"slug":158},"Populism","populism",[160,167,173,179],{"title":161,"year":162,"year_display":163,"description":164,"kind":165,"sort_order":166},"Yet Another Philosophy of History",1774,"1774","An attack on the Enlightenment habit of measuring all peoples against contemporary Paris: every nation has its centre of gravity within itself.","work",1,{"title":168,"year":169,"year_display":170,"description":171,"kind":165,"sort_order":172},"Treatise on the Origin of Language",1772,"1772","Language is neither divine gift nor arbitrary convention but grew from the human situation, and thought is inseparable from it.",2,{"title":174,"year":175,"year_display":176,"description":177,"kind":165,"sort_order":178},"Ideas for the Philosophy of History of Humanity",1791,"1784-91","The full statement of humanity as an assembly of distinct peoples, each an irreducible way of being human shaped by climate and history.",3,{"title":180,"year":181,"year_display":182,"description":183,"kind":165,"sort_order":184},"Voices of the Peoples in Song",1779,"1778-79","The folk-song collection from which the whole nineteenth-century enterprise of gathering national ballads and tales proceeds.",4,[186,187,191,195,199,203,207,211,215,219,223,227,231,234,238,242,246,250,254,258,262,266,269,273],{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"Johann Gottlieb Fichte","johann-gottlieb-fichte",1762,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Friedrich List","friedrich-list",1789,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Giuseppe Mazzini","giuseppe-mazzini",1805,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Ernest Renan","ernest-renan",1823,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Heinrich von Treitschke","heinrich-von-treitschke",1834,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":210},"Charles Maurras","charles-maurras",1868,{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"Kwame Nkrumah","kwame-nkrumah",1909,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"Narendra Modi","narendra-modi",1950,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Vladimir Putin","vladimir-putin",1952,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Wang Huning","wang-huning",1955,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Michael Lind","michael-lind",1962,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":230},"Christopher Caldwell","christopher-caldwell",{"name":235,"slug":236,"birth_year":237},"Viktor Orbán","viktor-orban",1963,{"name":239,"slug":240,"birth_year":241},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Sebastian Gorka","sebastian-gorka",1970,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":249},"Giorgia Meloni","giorgia-meloni",1977,{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Oren Cass","oren-cass",1983,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":257},"J.D. Vance","jd-vance",1984,{"name":259,"slug":260,"birth_year":261},"Stephen Miller","stephen-miller",1985,{"name":263,"slug":264,"birth_year":265},"Julius Krein","julius-krein",1986,{"name":267,"slug":268,"birth_year":265},"Blake Masters","blake-masters",{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Palmer Luckey","palmer-luckey",1992,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Nick Fuentes","nick-fuentes",1998,{"cards":278,"influenced":285,"shapedBy":294,"outbound":184},[279],{"slug":280,"name":281,"type":282,"strength":283,"description":284},"immanuel-kant","Immanuel Kant","taught","foundational","Herder attended Kant's lectures at Königsberg and spent the rest of his life arguing against the universalism he found there.",[286,289,290,293],{"slug":287,"name":288},"friedrich-carl-von-savigny","Friedrich Carl von Savigny",{"slug":197,"name":196},{"slug":291,"name":292},"isaiah-berlin","Isaiah Berlin",{"slug":189,"name":188},[]]