[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-jean-le-rond-dalembert":100,"$fG3blIOqAp0zorjxsqo93jdml4szdGuGnX6xD9U064tQ":291},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":132,"homeIn":143,"works":169,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":183},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1190,"jean-le-rond-dalembert","Jean le Rond d'Alembert","Mathematician and co-editor of the Encyclopédie, whose Preliminary Discourse mapped all human knowledge as a growth from sensation and made the case for it.","Jean le Rond d'Alembert was abandoned as an infant on the steps of the church that gave him his name, raised by a glazier's wife, and secretly supported by the artillery officer who was his father. He was elected to the Académie des Sciences at twenty-four for work on the dynamics of rigid bodies, and d'Alembert's principle — that the internal forces of constraint in a system do no net work — remains in every mechanics course.\n\nHis importance to the Enlightenment is the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopédie of 1751, which is both a manifesto and a map. It gives an account of the origin of ideas that is Lockean and unapologetic: all knowledge grows from sensation, the mind abstracts and combines, and the sciences are related to one another as branches of a single tree rooted in memory, reason and imagination. It then narrates the progress of knowledge since the Renaissance as a story of liberation from scholastic authority, naming Bacon, Descartes, Newton and Locke as the men who made it possible. The Discourse gave the project a philosophical charter, and it was read across Europe as the statement of what the age took itself to be doing.\n\nHe wrote a great many of the mathematical and scientific articles himself, and the article on Geneva in 1757 — which observed, with approval, that the city's pastors had drifted toward Socinianism — caused such an explosion that it provoked Rousseau's Letter to d'Alembert on the theatre and helped push d'Alembert into resigning the editorship in 1759. Diderot carried the remaining volumes alone.\n\nHe was more cautious than Diderot in temperament and more sceptical in doctrine, holding that the questions of metaphysics are mostly unanswerable and that the honest position on the soul, on causation and on God is suspension rather than assertion. As permanent secretary of the Académie Française from 1772 he used the position to elect philosophes, which did more for the party's respectability than any book. Frederick the Great and Catherine both tried to hire him, and he declined both, preferring Paris and a modest pension.",1717,1783,"French","scientist","Enlightenment",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},44,"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy","The 18th century intellectual movement committed to reason, individual rights, equality, and the critical examination of inherited authority.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},159,"Rationalism","rationalism","The philosophical tradition that holds reason rather than sensory experience is the primary source of knowledge and moral truth.",[129],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":124,"relation_type":130,"description":131},"descends_from","The German and French strands worked from the rationalist confidence that reason can establish substantive truths about the world.",[133,135,139],{"relation_type":130,"traditions":134},{"name":125,"slug":126},{"relation_type":130,"traditions":136},{"name":137,"slug":138},"Empiricism","empiricism",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":140},{"name":141,"slug":142},"Skepticism","skepticism",[144,148,152,157,161,165],{"relation_type":130,"traditions":145},{"name":146,"slug":147},"Deontological Ethics","deontological-ethics",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":149},{"name":150,"slug":151},"German Idealism","german-idealism",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":154},"reacts_against",{"name":155,"slug":156},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":158},{"name":159,"slug":160},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":162},{"name":163,"slug":164},"Critique of Modernity","critique-of-modernity",{"relation_type":153,"traditions":166},{"name":167,"slug":168},"Political Theology","political-theology",[170,177],{"title":171,"year":172,"year_display":173,"description":174,"kind":175,"sort_order":176},"Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopédie",1751,"1751","Maps all knowledge as a tree growing from sensation and narrates its liberation from scholastic authority; the Enlightenment's philosophical charter.","work",1,{"title":178,"year":179,"year_display":180,"description":181,"kind":175,"sort_order":182},"Treatise on Dynamics",1743,"1743","Establishes d'Alembert's principle, that the internal forces of constraint in a system do no net work.",2,[184,188,192,196,200,204,208,211,215,219,223,227,231,232,236,240,244,248,251,255,259,263,266,269,272,276,280,284,288],{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"René Descartes","rene-descartes",1596,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Baruch Spinoza","baruch-spinoza",1632,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"Charles de Montesquieu","charles-de-montesquieu",1689,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":207},"François Quesnay","francois-quesnay",{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"Benjamin Franklin","benjamin-franklin",1706,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"Julien Offray de La Mettrie","julien-offray-de-la-mettrie",1709,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Frederick the Great","frederick-the-great",1712,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"Claude Adrien Helvétius","claude-adrien-helvetius",1715,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":233,"slug":234,"birth_year":235},"Baron d'Holbach","baron-dholbach",1723,{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"Immanuel Kant","immanuel-kant",1724,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot","anne-robert-jacques-turgot",1727,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Catherine the Great","catherine-the-great",1729,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":247},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"John Adams","john-adams",1735,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"Thomas Paine","thomas-paine",1737,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Cesare Beccaria","cesare-beccaria",1738,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":179},"Marquis de Condorcet","marquis-de-condorcet",{"name":267,"slug":268,"birth_year":179},"Thomas Jefferson","thomas-jefferson",{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":172},"James Madison","james-madison",{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Maximilien Robespierre","maximilien-robespierre",1758,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Mary Wollstonecraft","mary-wollstonecraft",1759,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Steven Pinker","steven-pinker",1954,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":112},"Carl Sagan","carl-sagan",{"cards":292,"influenced":297,"shapedBy":298,"outbound":299},[293],{"slug":225,"name":224,"type":294,"strength":295,"description":296},"influenced","foundational","They edited the Encyclopédie together until the article on Geneva made d'Alembert's position untenable and he resigned, leaving Diderot to finish it alone.",[],[],0]