[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-jean-gerson":100,"$f80uPYO0bcRP1g9EuZeM4iQKk0jRPE54XQ1lmNdfM-uc":307},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":154,"works":163,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":177},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1142,"jean-gerson","Jean Gerson","Chancellor of Paris and the leading conciliarist, who argued that a general council stands above the pope — and helped end a schism by acting on it.","Jean Gerson was Chancellor of the University of Paris from 1395, at a moment when the Western church had two popes and would shortly have three. The Great Schism had begun in 1378 and every attempt to resolve it had failed, because each claimant insisted that no authority on earth could judge him. Gerson spent his career constructing the argument that one could.\n\nThe conciliarist case as he made it is grounded in the nature of the church rather than in expediency. The church is a community instituted for an end — the salvation of its members — and the powers within it exist for that end and are limited by it. The pope's plenitude of power is real but ministerial: it is given for edification and not for destruction, and an authority given for a purpose cannot be used against that purpose. It follows that where the papacy has become the obstacle to the church's good, the church, represented in a general council, may act. Gerson argued that a council could be convened without papal summons in case of necessity, could judge a pope, and could depose one; and he grounded this in a broader claim that in any community the power to preserve itself cannot be alienated to a single person.\n\nHe put the theory into practice. He was central at the Council of Constance, which in 1415 issued the decree Haec Sancta declaring that a general council holds its power immediately from Christ and that all persons including the pope are bound to obey it in matters of faith and reform. Constance deposed two claimants, accepted the resignation of a third, and elected Martin V. The schism ended.\n\nThe victory did not last — the papacy repudiated conciliarism within decades — but the argument outlived the institution it was made for. The claim that a corporate body retains the authority to judge its own head, that office is a trust defined by its purpose, and that necessity licenses the community to act without its ordinary superior, passed into secular political thought and reappears in the constitutionalist and resistance literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Gerson was also, incidentally, one of the pastoral writers of the age, and it was he who pressed for the burning of Jan Hus at the same council, which is part of the record too.",1363,1429,"French","theologian","Medieval",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},36,"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought","The tradition of political reflection within the Catholic intellectual tradition, from the early church fathers through the medieval scholastics to contemporary Catholic social teaching.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},35,"Scholasticism","scholasticism","The medieval intellectual tradition that combined classical philosophy with Christian theology through rigorous logical analysis.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":118,"target_tradition_id":130,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"descends_from","Aquinas gave the tradition its systematic form, grounding law in reason and the common good; the School of Salamanca extended it to conquest and just war.",[139,141,145,150],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":140},{"name":131,"slug":132},{"relation_type":136,"traditions":142},{"name":143,"slug":144},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":147},"reacts_against",{"name":148,"slug":149},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":146,"traditions":151},{"name":152,"slug":153},"Marxism","marxism",[155,159],{"relation_type":136,"traditions":156},{"name":157,"slug":158},"Distributism","distributism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":160},{"name":161,"slug":162},"Liberation Theology","liberation-theology",[164,171],{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":169,"sort_order":170},"De Potestate Ecclesiastica",1417,"1417","The mature conciliarist argument: papal plenitude of power is ministerial, given for edification and not destruction, and therefore judgeable by the council.","work",1,{"title":172,"year":173,"year_display":174,"description":175,"kind":169,"sort_order":176},"De Auferibilitate Papae",1415,"1415","On the removability of a pope: that the church retains the authority to depose its head where necessity requires.",2,[178,182,186,190,194,198,199,203,207,211,215,219,223,227,231,235,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267,271,275,279,283,287,291,295,298,301,304],{"name":179,"slug":180,"birth_year":181},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":183,"slug":184,"birth_year":185},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":187,"slug":188,"birth_year":189},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":191,"slug":192,"birth_year":193},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":195,"slug":196,"birth_year":197},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":210},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":212,"slug":213,"birth_year":214},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",1483,{"name":216,"slug":217,"birth_year":218},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":220,"slug":221,"birth_year":222},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":224,"slug":225,"birth_year":226},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Hilaire Belloc","hilaire-belloc",1870,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Francisco Franco","francisco-franco",1892,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",1929,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Sister Simone Campbell","sister-simone-campbell",1945,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Timothy Dolan","timothy-dolan",1950,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":274},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":276,"slug":277,"birth_year":278},"Rusty Reno","rusty-reno",1959,{"name":280,"slug":281,"birth_year":282},"Phillip Blond","philip-blond",1966,{"name":284,"slug":285,"birth_year":286},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":288,"slug":289,"birth_year":290},"Ross Douthat","ross-douthat",1979,{"name":292,"slug":293,"birth_year":294},"Sohrab Ahmari","sohrab-ahmari",1985,{"name":296,"slug":297,"birth_year":112},"Richard John Neuhaus","richard-john-neuhaus",{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":112},"Peter Maurin","peter-maurin",{"cards":308,"influenced":315,"shapedBy":317,"outbound":170},[309],{"slug":310,"name":311,"type":312,"strength":313,"description":314},"marsilius-of-padua","Marsilius of Padua","influenced","significant","The conciliarists took over the claim that authority in the church rests with the whole body rather than its head, while declining the anticlerical conclusions.",[316],{"slug":201,"name":200},[]]