[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-jean-francois-lyotard":100,"$fp-FGDlLYfyGEZLRoPqMw9m2cr5tPq2DD4yef2imuR1s":181},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":17,"name":18},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":20,"name":21},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":23,"name":24},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":35,"name":36},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":38,"name":39},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":41,"name":42},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":122,"homeOut":123,"homeIn":146,"works":154,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":155},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1259,"jean-francois-lyotard","Jean-François Lyotard","Defined the postmodern condition as incredulity toward the grand stories that legitimate knowledge and power.","Lyotard supplied the term the period is known by, in a book he later said was the worst thing he wrote.\n\nThe Postmodern Condition (1979) was commissioned as a report on knowledge for the government of Quebec, and its argument is compact: the sciences have always legitimated themselves by appeal to a metanarrative — the emancipation of humanity through reason, the realization of spirit, the liberation of the worker — and those stories have lost credibility. What replaces them is not a better story but a plurality of local language games, each with its own rules of validity and no master discourse able to adjudicate between them. Knowledge becomes something produced and exchanged rather than something contemplated, and its criterion shifts toward performativity: what counts is what works.\n\nHe drew a political conclusion the label is rarely credited with. Lyotard had spent the 1950s and 60s in Socialisme ou Barbarie and in the Algerian struggle, and his suspicion of grand narratives came from watching one — Marxism — justify what was done in its name. The Differend (1983) is the more serious book: it concerns cases where a wrong cannot be expressed in the idiom of the tribunal that would judge it, so that to be heard at all the injured party must accept terms that have already conceded the case. Injustice on this account is not merely unequal treatment but the absence of a language in which the harm can be phrased.\n\nThat is a far more precise position than \"postmodernism\" as it circulates, and it is why Lyotard is better read as a theorist of incommensurable claims than as a relativist.",1924,1998,"French","philosopher","Contemporary",null,[],[115],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},499,"Postmodernism","postmodernism","That the grand stories the West told about reason, progress and human nature are neither neutral nor innocent — they are constructions, and they organize power.",[],[124,129,134,138,142],{"relation_type":125,"traditions":126},"descends_from",{"name":127,"slug":128},"Critical Theory","critical-theory",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":131},"reacts_against",{"name":132,"slug":133},"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought",{"relation_type":125,"traditions":135},{"name":136,"slug":137},"Existentialism","existentialism",{"relation_type":125,"traditions":139},{"name":140,"slug":141},"Phenomenology","phenomenology",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Positivism","positivism",[147,151],{"relation_type":125,"traditions":148},{"name":149,"slug":150},"Postcolonial Theory","postcolonial-theory",{"relation_type":152,"traditions":153},"converges_with",{"name":127,"slug":128},[],[156,157,161,165,169,173,177],{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":158,"slug":159,"birth_year":160},"Gilles Deleuze","gilles-deleuze",1925,{"name":162,"slug":163,"birth_year":164},"Michel Foucault","michel-foucault",1926,{"name":166,"slug":167,"birth_year":168},"Jean Baudrillard","jean-baudrillard",1929,{"name":170,"slug":171,"birth_year":172},"Jacques Derrida","jacques-derrida",1930,{"name":174,"slug":175,"birth_year":176},"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty",1931,{"name":178,"slug":179,"birth_year":180},"Judith Butler","judith-butler",1956,{"cards":182,"influenced":183,"shapedBy":184,"outbound":185},[],[],[],0]