[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-jean-bodin":100,"$fbU0H2MIYmOikLCjFeBWmA1ExeMch0vp2Nt3im5iCqpU":351},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":138,"homeIn":144,"works":167,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":187},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1153,"jean-bodin","Jean Bodin","The lawyer who defined sovereignty as absolute and perpetual power over citizens, giving the modern state its central concept in the middle of a civil war.","Jean Bodin wrote in the worst years of the French wars of religion, when the kingdom was disintegrating into confessional factions each claiming a right to resist. His answer, the Six Books of the Commonwealth of 1576, defines the concept the modern state was built on.\n\nSovereignty is the absolute and perpetual power of a commonwealth: the power to give law to all subjects generally without their consent, which cannot be divided, delegated away, or limited by any human authority, and which is not bound by the laws of its predecessors or its own. Everything else follows from it — declaring war, appointing magistrates, hearing final appeals, coining money — but the essence is legislation. Where earlier writers had described mixed constitutions in which authority is shared between king, nobles and people, Bodin argued that this is incoherent: a power that can be checked by another is not sovereign, and every commonwealth must have some final and indivisible source of law or it is not one commonwealth.\n\nHe is not, however, an absolutist in the later sense, and the qualifications are as important as the doctrine. The sovereign is bound by divine and natural law, by the fundamental laws constituting the succession and the public domain, and — crucially — may not tax subjects without consent, because property is not the sovereign's to take. The distinction is between the form of the state, which must be absolute in Bodin's technical sense, and the manner of governing, which ought to be lawful and temperate. His purpose was to secure a public authority strong enough to impose peace on parties that would otherwise destroy the kingdom, and he sided with the politiques who put civil order above confessional victory.\n\nThe Method for the Easy Comprehension of History develops a comparative and climatic account of why peoples differ in their laws that Montesquieu drew on directly. Against this stands his Demonomania, an argument for the vigorous prosecution of witches, and the Colloquium Heptaplomeres, a dialogue between seven believers of different religions that ends without any of them converting — too dangerous to print, and circulated in manuscript for a century.",1530,1596,"French","jurist","Renaissance",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},34,"Natural Law","natural-law","The tradition that holds there are objective moral and political truths grounded in human nature, accessible to reason, and binding regardless of what particular societies happen to believe.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},37,"Political Realism","political-realism","The tradition that analyzes politics in terms of power, interest, and the actual behavior of human beings rather than in terms of ideals about how they ought to behave.",[135],{"source_tradition_id":130,"target_tradition_id":118,"relation_type":136,"description":137},"reacts_against","Machiavelli advised the prince to learn how not to be good, breaking with a tradition from Cicero to Aquinas in which politics answers to a moral law standing above the state.",[139],{"relation_type":140,"traditions":141},"descends_from",{"name":142,"slug":143},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[145,149,153,157,161,165],{"relation_type":140,"traditions":146},{"name":147,"slug":148},"Catholic Political Thought","catholic-political-thought",{"relation_type":140,"traditions":150},{"name":151,"slug":152},"Social Contract Theory","social-contract-theory",{"relation_type":140,"traditions":154},{"name":155,"slug":156},"Classical Liberalism","classical-liberalism",{"relation_type":140,"traditions":158},{"name":159,"slug":160},"Conservatism","conservatism",{"relation_type":140,"traditions":162},{"name":163,"slug":164},"Black Political Thought","black-political-thought",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":166},{"name":131,"slug":132},[168,175,181],{"title":169,"year":170,"year_display":171,"description":172,"kind":173,"sort_order":174},"Six Books of the Commonwealth",1576,"1576","Defines sovereignty as absolute and perpetual power to give law without consent — indivisible, and the concept the modern state was built on.","work",1,{"title":176,"year":177,"year_display":178,"description":179,"kind":173,"sort_order":180},"Method for the Easy Comprehension of History",1566,"1566","A comparative and climatic account of why peoples differ in their laws, which Montesquieu drew on directly.",2,{"title":182,"year":183,"year_display":184,"description":185,"kind":173,"sort_order":186},"Colloquium Heptaplomeres",1588,"c. 1588","Seven believers of different religions debate and none converts; too dangerous to print, circulated in manuscript for a century.",3,[188,192,196,200,204,208,212,216,220,224,228,231,235,236,240,244,248,252,256,260,264,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340,344,348],{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Aristotle","aristotle",-384,{"name":193,"slug":194,"birth_year":195},"Marcus Tullius Cicero","cicero",-106,{"name":197,"slug":198,"birth_year":199},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":201,"slug":202,"birth_year":203},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":205,"slug":206,"birth_year":207},"Averroes","averroes",1126,{"name":209,"slug":210,"birth_year":211},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":213,"slug":214,"birth_year":215},"Thomas Aquinas","thomas-aquinas",1225,{"name":217,"slug":218,"birth_year":219},"John Duns Scotus","duns-scotus",1266,{"name":221,"slug":222,"birth_year":223},"Bartolus of Saxoferrato","bartolus-of-saxoferrato",1313,{"name":225,"slug":226,"birth_year":227},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":229,"slug":230,"birth_year":227},"Francisco de Vitoria","francisco-de-vitoria",{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":237,"slug":238,"birth_year":239},"Francisco Suárez","francisco-suarez",1548,{"name":241,"slug":242,"birth_year":243},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":245,"slug":246,"birth_year":247},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":249,"slug":250,"birth_year":251},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":253,"slug":254,"birth_year":255},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":257,"slug":258,"birth_year":259},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":261,"slug":262,"birth_year":263},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":265,"slug":266,"birth_year":267},"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz",1646,{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Christian Wolff","christian-wolff",1679,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Lysander Spooner","lysander-spooner",1808,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Pope Leo XIII","pope-leo-xiii",1810,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Frederick Douglass","frederick-douglass",1818,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":299},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":301,"slug":302,"birth_year":303},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":305,"slug":306,"birth_year":307},"Eleanor Roosevelt","eleanor-roosevelt",1884,{"name":309,"slug":310,"birth_year":311},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":313,"slug":314,"birth_year":315},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":317,"slug":318,"birth_year":319},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":321,"slug":322,"birth_year":323},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":325,"slug":326,"birth_year":327},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Robert George","robert-george",1955,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":339},"Gary Chartier","gary-chartier",1966,{"name":341,"slug":342,"birth_year":343},"Adrian Vermeule","adrian-vermeule",1968,{"name":345,"slug":346,"birth_year":347},"Ryan T. Anderson","ryan-t-anderson",1981,{"name":349,"slug":350,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"cards":352,"influenced":353,"shapedBy":360,"outbound":180},[],[354,357],{"slug":355,"name":356},"charles-de-montesquieu","Charles de Montesquieu",{"slug":358,"name":359},"thomas-hobbes","Thomas Hobbes",[]]