[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-james-harrington":100,"$fTL4YXBnNHEzoQwnf55xXqHjAT6zKbEocGyAfOxlfKEA":421},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":141,"works":142,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":150},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1175,"james-harrington","James Harrington","Author of Oceana, who argued that political power follows the distribution of property, and designed the republican machinery the American founders borrowed from.","James Harrington attended Charles I in his last captivity and was, by his own account, fond of him while opposing everything he stood for. The Commonwealth of Oceana, published in 1656 under Cromwell's protectorate and dedicated to him, is a fictionalised constitution for England presented as the history of an imaginary state.\n\nIts founding claim is materialist in a way nothing before it quite was. Empire follows the balance of dominion — political power rests where property, and especially land, is concentrated. If one man holds most of the land the government will be a monarchy; if a few, an aristocracy; if the many, a commonwealth. Constitutions that do not match the underlying distribution are unstable and will be overturned by it. Harrington read the English civil war this way: the sale of monastic and crown lands since Henry VIII had shifted the balance to the gentry, and the monarchy fell because its economic foundation had already gone. Government, he says, is not a matter of persuading men to be virtuous but of arranging institutions so that the balance is preserved.\n\nFrom this he derives the machinery. An agrarian law capping the land any family may hold, so the balance cannot re-concentrate. A bicameral legislature in which a senate proposes and the people dispose — his image is two girls dividing a cake, one cutting and the other choosing, so that neither can cheat. Rotation of office by fixed terms, so that no one becomes entrenched. The secret ballot. Election rather than appointment throughout. An empire of laws and not of men, which is his phrase.\n\nAlmost every one of these devices reached America. Adams cited Oceana constantly and built the Massachusetts constitution on Harringtonian lines; the arguments in the Federalist about property, faction and the separation of powers are conducted in his terms; Jefferson's insistence that a republic requires widely distributed landholding is his doctrine. Through Toland's 1700 edition and the commonwealthmen, Harrington became one of the principal channels by which classical republicanism entered the eighteenth-century Atlantic world, and the twentieth-century recovery of that tradition by Pocock put him at its centre.",1611,1677,"English","writer","Early Modern",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},62,"Political Philosophy","political-philosophy","The intellectual discipline of reflecting systematically on political life, its forms, and its possibilities.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},162,"Political Sociology","political-sociology","The systematic study of the social foundations of political authority, institutions, and action.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[136],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"descends_from",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Ancient Philosophy","ancient-philosophy",[],[143],{"title":144,"year":145,"year_display":146,"description":147,"kind":148,"sort_order":149},"The Commonwealth of Oceana",1656,"1656","Empire follows the balance of dominion: political power rests where land is concentrated, and a constitution that does not match the balance will be overturned by it.","work",1,[151,155,159,163,167,171,175,179,183,187,191,195,199,203,207,210,214,218,222,226,227,231,235,239,243,247,251,255,259,263,267,271,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322,326,330,333,337,341,345,349,353,357,361,365,369,373,377,380,384,387,391,395,399,403,407,411,415,418],{"name":152,"slug":153,"birth_year":154},"Confucius","confucius",-551,{"name":156,"slug":157,"birth_year":158},"Socrates","socrates",-470,{"name":160,"slug":161,"birth_year":162},"Xenophon","xenophon",-430,{"name":164,"slug":165,"birth_year":166},"Marcus Aurelius","marcus-aurelius",121,{"name":168,"slug":169,"birth_year":170},"Al-Farabi","al-farabi",872,{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"John of Salisbury","john-of-salisbury",1120,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Dante Alighieri","dante-alighieri",1265,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Marsilius of Padua","marsilius-of-padua",1275,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"William of Ockham","william-of-ockham",1287,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"Petrarch","petrarch",1304,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Leonardo Bruni","leonardo-bruni",1370,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":198},"Thomas More","thomas-more",1478,{"name":200,"slug":201,"birth_year":202},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":204,"slug":205,"birth_year":206},"Jean Bodin","jean-bodin",1530,{"name":208,"slug":209,"birth_year":206},"Étienne de La Boétie","etienne-de-la-boetie",{"name":211,"slug":212,"birth_year":213},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":215,"slug":216,"birth_year":217},"Francis Bacon","francis-bacon",1561,{"name":219,"slug":220,"birth_year":221},"Johannes Althusius","johannes-althusius",1563,{"name":223,"slug":224,"birth_year":225},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":228,"slug":229,"birth_year":230},"John Lilburne","john-lilburne",1614,{"name":232,"slug":233,"birth_year":234},"Algernon Sidney","algernon-sidney",1623,{"name":236,"slug":237,"birth_year":238},"Samuel Pufendorf","samuel-pufendorf",1632,{"name":240,"slug":241,"birth_year":242},"Pierre Bayle","pierre-bayle",1647,{"name":244,"slug":245,"birth_year":246},"Giambattista Vico","giambattista-vico",1668,{"name":248,"slug":249,"birth_year":250},"Voltaire","voltaire",1694,{"name":252,"slug":253,"birth_year":254},"Denis Diderot","denis-diderot",1713,{"name":256,"slug":257,"birth_year":258},"William Godwin","william-godwin",1756,{"name":260,"slug":261,"birth_year":262},"Arthur Schopenhauer","arthur-schopenhauer",1788,{"name":264,"slug":265,"birth_year":266},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":268,"slug":269,"birth_year":270},"Abraham Lincoln","abraham-lincoln",1809,{"name":272,"slug":273,"birth_year":270},"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon","pierre-joseph-proudhon",{"name":275,"slug":276,"birth_year":277},"Herbert Spencer","herbert-spencer",1820,{"name":279,"slug":280,"birth_year":281},"Charles Sanders Peirce","charles-peirce",1839,{"name":283,"slug":284,"birth_year":285},"Georges Sorel","georges-sorel",1847,{"name":287,"slug":288,"birth_year":289},"Eduard Bernstein","eduard-bernstein",1850,{"name":291,"slug":292,"birth_year":293},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":295,"slug":296,"birth_year":297},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":299,"slug":300,"birth_year":301},"Vladimir Lenin","vladimir-lenin",1870,{"name":303,"slug":304,"birth_year":305},"Bertrand Russell","bertrand-russell",1872,{"name":307,"slug":308,"birth_year":309},"G.K. Chesterton","g-k-chesterton",1874,{"name":311,"slug":312,"birth_year":313},"Oswald Spengler","oswald-spengler",1880,{"name":315,"slug":316,"birth_year":317},"José Ortega y Gasset","jose-ortega-y-gasset",1883,{"name":319,"slug":320,"birth_year":321},"Walter Lippmann","walter-lippmann",1889,{"name":323,"slug":324,"birth_year":325},"Leo Strauss","leo-strauss",1899,{"name":327,"slug":328,"birth_year":329},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":331,"slug":332,"birth_year":329},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",{"name":334,"slug":335,"birth_year":336},"Karl Popper","karl-popper",1902,{"name":338,"slug":339,"birth_year":340},"George Orwell","george-orwell",1903,{"name":342,"slug":343,"birth_year":344},"Raymond Aron","raymond-aron",1905,{"name":346,"slug":347,"birth_year":348},"Hannah Arendt","hannah-arendt",1906,{"name":350,"slug":351,"birth_year":352},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":354,"slug":355,"birth_year":356},"Albert Camus","albert-camus",1913,{"name":358,"slug":359,"birth_year":360},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":362,"slug":363,"birth_year":364},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":366,"slug":367,"birth_year":368},"John Rawls","john-rawls",1921,{"name":370,"slug":371,"birth_year":372},"Judith Shklar","judith-shklar",1928,{"name":374,"slug":375,"birth_year":376},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":376},"Alasdair MacIntyre","alasdair-macintyre",{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":383},"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor",1931,{"name":385,"slug":386,"birth_year":383},"Richard Rorty","richard-rorty",{"name":388,"slug":389,"birth_year":390},"Michael Walzer","michael-walzer",1935,{"name":392,"slug":393,"birth_year":394},"Robert Nozick","robert-nozick",1938,{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":398},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":400,"slug":401,"birth_year":402},"Martha Nussbaum","martha-nussbaum",1947,{"name":404,"slug":405,"birth_year":406},"Francis Fukuyama","francis-fukuyama",1952,{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":410},"Michael Sandel","michael-sandel",1953,{"name":412,"slug":413,"birth_year":414},"Jonathan Haidt","jonathan-haidt",1963,{"name":416,"slug":417,"birth_year":112},"G.A. Cohen","ga-cohen",{"name":419,"slug":420,"birth_year":112},"Amy Gutmann","amy-gutmann",{"cards":422,"influenced":423,"shapedBy":433,"outbound":434},[],[424,427,430],{"slug":425,"name":426},"james-madison","James Madison",{"slug":428,"name":429},"john-adams","John Adams",{"slug":431,"name":432},"thomas-jefferson","Thomas Jefferson",[],3]