[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-james-fitzjames-stephen":100,"$fWr2jmyrQC0ZhzdyGaoWgn0vHJ3bvf6VuF5WqzgrrJ6A":416},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":155,"works":156,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":170},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1230,"james-fitzjames-stephen","James Fitzjames Stephen","The judge whose Liberty, Equality, Fraternity answered Mill point by point, arguing that coercion is the basis of all society and that liberalism conceals it.","James Fitzjames Stephen was a barrister, a legal member of the Viceroy's council in India where he drafted codes of evidence and contract, and later a High Court judge. He wrote Liberty, Equality, Fraternity on the voyage home from Calcutta in 1872, and it remains the most formidable attack on Mill's On Liberty ever written, not least because Stephen had been a utilitarian and knew the machinery from inside.\n\nHis central objection is to the harm principle. Mill had held that the only purpose for which power can rightfully be exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. Stephen replies that this distinction cannot be drawn: conduct that appears self-regarding shapes the character of those around it and the moral climate everyone lives in, and no society has ever confined its restraints to direct injury. More fundamentally, he argues that all government rests on force, that law is coercion whatever else it is, and that Mill's liberalism is not the abolition of compulsion but the concealment of it behind a preference for compulsion by opinion rather than by statute.\n\nOn the positive side he defends the criminal law as the expression of moral condemnation. Punishment exists partly to gratify the healthy natural sentiment of hatred toward the criminal, and it should — the law gives to that sentiment the same relation as marriage to the sexual appetite. Toleration is appropriate where doubt is genuine, but a society confident of its convictions may properly enforce them.\n\nHis account of the other two terms is equally blunt. Equality is a fact about nobody: men differ in capacity and virtue, and arrangements pretending otherwise produce hypocrisy. Fraternity as a universal sentiment is an illusion; real affection is particular, and its counterpart is the exclusion of those outside.\n\nStephen's India shaped all of this — he thought the Raj demonstrated that good government by a confident minority beat self-government by the incompetent — and the position is authoritarian in a way he never disguised. He is nonetheless the indispensable critic of liberalism from inside its own premises, and every later communitarian and legal moralist, Devlin above all, is working his ground.",1829,1894,"English","jurist","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},14,"Conservatism","conservatism","The political tradition that emphasizes inherited institutions, traditions, and customs as repositories of accumulated practical wisdom.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},42,"Legal Reform","legal-reform","The 18th and 19th century movement to rationalize and humanize legal systems that had developed haphazardly over centuries.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},37,"Political Realism","political-realism","The tradition that analyzes politics in terms of power, interest, and the actual behavior of human beings rather than in terms of ideals about how they ought to behave.",[],[136,141,146,151],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"reacts_against",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",{"relation_type":142,"traditions":143},"converges_with",{"name":144,"slug":145},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",{"relation_type":147,"traditions":148},"descends_from",{"name":149,"slug":150},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":147,"traditions":152},{"name":153,"slug":154},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",[],[157,164],{"title":158,"year":159,"year_display":160,"description":161,"kind":162,"sort_order":163},"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity",1873,"1873","The most formidable attack on On Liberty: the harm principle cannot be drawn, all government rests on force, and liberalism conceals its own coercion.","work",1,{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":162,"sort_order":169},"A History of the Criminal Law of England",1883,"1883","Three volumes on the criminal law as the expression of moral condemnation, by the judge who had drafted codes for India.",2,[171,175,179,183,187,191,195,198,202,206,209,213,217,221,225,229,230,234,238,242,246,250,254,257,261,265,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343,347,351,355,359,363,367,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413],{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"Edmund Burke","edmund-burke",1729,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"William Wilberforce","william-wilberforce",1759,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","samuel-taylor-coleridge",1772,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":194},"Friedrich Schlegel","friedrich-schlegel",{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Klemens von Metternich","klemens-von-metternich",1773,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Friedrich Carl von Savigny","friedrich-carl-von-savigny",1779,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":205},"Adam Müller","adam-muller",{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":212},"John C. Calhoun","john-c-calhoun",1782,{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Benjamin Disraeli","benjamin-disraeli",1804,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Jefferson Davis","jefferson-davis",1808,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Otto von Bismarck","otto-von-bismarck",1815,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":231,"slug":232,"birth_year":233},"Heinrich von Treitschke","heinrich-von-treitschke",1834,{"name":235,"slug":236,"birth_year":237},"Charles Maurras","charles-maurras",1868,{"name":239,"slug":240,"birth_year":241},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Winston Churchill","winston-churchill",1874,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":249},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",1889,{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Charles de Gaulle","charles-de-gaulle",1890,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":253},"Dwight D. Eisenhower","dwight-d-eisenhower",{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",1901,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":264},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Richard Weaver","richard-weaver",1910,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Phyllis Schlafly","phyllis-schlafly",1924,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":295},"William F. Buckley Jr.","william-f-buckley-jr",{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":302},"Patrick Buchanan","patrick-buchanan",1938,{"name":304,"slug":305,"birth_year":306},"George Will","george-will",1941,{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":310},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":314},"Mitt Romney","mitt-romney",1947,{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":318},"Jonathan Sacks","jonathan-sacks",1948,{"name":320,"slug":321,"birth_year":322},"Larry Hogan","larry-hogan",1956,{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":326},"Lisa Murkowski","lisa-murkowski",1957,{"name":328,"slug":329,"birth_year":330},"Albert Mohler","albert-mohler",1959,{"name":332,"slug":333,"birth_year":334},"Michael Lind","michael-lind",1962,{"name":336,"slug":337,"birth_year":338},"Andrew Sullivan","andrew-sullivan",1963,{"name":340,"slug":341,"birth_year":342},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":344,"slug":345,"birth_year":346},"Rod Dreher","rod-dreher",1967,{"name":348,"slug":349,"birth_year":350},"Jonah Goldberg","jonah-goldberg",1969,{"name":352,"slug":353,"birth_year":354},"Marco Rubio","marco-rubio",1971,{"name":356,"slug":357,"birth_year":358},"Ramesh Ponnuru","ramesh-ponnuru",1974,{"name":360,"slug":361,"birth_year":362},"Yuval Levin","yuval-levin",1977,{"name":364,"slug":365,"birth_year":366},"Reihan Salam","reihan-salam",1979,{"name":368,"slug":369,"birth_year":370},"Ben Shapiro","ben-shapiro",1984,{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":370},"Christopher Rufo","christopher-rufo",{"name":375,"slug":376,"birth_year":112},"Clyde Wilson","clyde-wilson",{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":112},"Paul Gottfried","paul-gottfried",{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":112},"Peter Viereck","peter-viereck",{"name":387,"slug":388,"birth_year":112},"Robert Nisbet","robert-nisbet",{"name":390,"slug":391,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":393,"slug":394,"birth_year":112},"Ryszard Legutko","ryszard-legutko",{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":112},"Samuel Francis","samuel-francis",{"name":399,"slug":400,"birth_year":112},"James Q. Wilson","james-q-wilson",{"name":402,"slug":403,"birth_year":112},"Charles Krauthammer","charles-krauthammer",{"name":405,"slug":406,"birth_year":112},"Norman Podhoretz","norman-podhoretz",{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":112},"Charlie Kirk","charlie-kirk",{"name":411,"slug":412,"birth_year":112},"Henry Olsen","henry-olsen",{"name":414,"slug":415,"birth_year":112},"Michael Brendan Dougherty","michael-brendan-dougherty",{"cards":417,"influenced":424,"shapedBy":425,"outbound":426},[418],{"slug":419,"name":420,"type":421,"strength":422,"description":423},"john-stuart-mill","John Stuart Mill","opposed","foundational","Liberty, Equality, Fraternity answers On Liberty point by point, arguing the harm principle cannot be drawn and that liberalism conceals rather than abolishes coercion.",[],[],0]