[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-iris-marion-young":100,"$fO4Z_5F-XkvHZz8QLQztj5BpjhBbsUWkRKjxESnvOOlU":158},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":17,"name":18},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":20,"name":21},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":23,"name":24},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":26,"name":27},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":29,"name":30},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":32,"name":33},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":35,"name":36},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":38,"name":39},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":41,"name":42},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":44,"name":45},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":47,"name":48},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":53,"name":54},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":56,"name":57},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":122,"homeOut":123,"homeIn":146,"works":147,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":148},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1276,"iris-marion-young","Iris Marion Young","Attacked the ideal of impartial universal citizenship as a disguise for the perspective of the privileged.","Young's Justice and the Politics of Difference (1990) is the most sustained attack on the distributive paradigm in political philosophy, and the book that gave the politics of difference its theoretical form.\n\nHer first argument is that justice cannot be reduced to distribution. Treating justice as the allocation of goods among individuals leaves the institutional context — decision-making procedures, the division of labor, culture — outside the frame, and those are precisely where domination and oppression operate. She replaced the single concept of oppression with five distinct faces: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism and violence. Groups can suffer some without others, which is why a single measure of disadvantage misdescribes their situations.\n\nHer second argument targets impartiality itself. The ideal of a universal citizenship in which people set aside their particular identities and deliberate as generic citizens is not neutral in practice: those whose perspective is already the unmarked default lose nothing by the demand, while everyone else is asked to argue in a register that has already excluded their experience. Her proposal is group representation — mechanisms giving oppressed groups a distinct voice in deliberation — which drew immediate objections from republicans and liberals that it would entrench the divisions it meant to remedy.\n\nShe also wrote \"Throwing Like a Girl\", an essay on how gendered comportment is learned in the body, which remains widely read outside political theory, and late work on responsibility for structural injustice: harms produced by many people acting acceptably within unjust structures, where no one is to blame in the ordinary sense and everyone shares a forward-looking responsibility to change it.",1949,2006,"American","philosopher","Contemporary",null,[],[115],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},509,"Multiculturalism","multiculturalism","That equal citizenship can require differential treatment: minority cultures may need group-specific rights, because a state that claims to be neutral is usually carrying the majority's culture unmarked.",[],[124,129,134,138,142],{"relation_type":125,"traditions":126},"reacts_against",{"name":127,"slug":128},"Liberal Feminism","liberal-feminism",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":131},"descends_from",{"name":132,"slug":133},"Liberal Political Thought","liberal-political-thought",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":135},{"name":136,"slug":137},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",{"relation_type":125,"traditions":139},{"name":140,"slug":141},"Nationalism","nationalism",{"relation_type":130,"traditions":143},{"name":144,"slug":145},"Postcolonial Theory","postcolonial-theory",[],[],[149,153,154],{"name":150,"slug":151,"birth_year":152},"Charles Taylor","charles-taylor",1931,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":155,"slug":156,"birth_year":157},"Will Kymlicka","will-kymlicka",1962,{"cards":159,"influenced":160,"shapedBy":161,"outbound":162},[],[],[],0]