[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-huldrych-zwingli":100,"$f6NoBpucgv6dKPaLtsO7VhNdLZftqsgJFo-1UpLmjGC4":389},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":128,"homeOut":129,"homeIn":140,"works":141,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":155},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1151,"huldrych-zwingli","Huldrych Zwingli","The reformer of Zurich, who made the city council the agent of reformation and produced the pattern of a magistracy answerable to scripture that Calvin inherited.","Huldrych Zwingli was a parish priest and army chaplain who had seen Swiss mercenaries slaughtered in Italian wars, and who came to reform through Erasmus rather than through Luther. He arrived at Zurich in 1519 and began preaching straight through the Gospel of Matthew instead of following the lectionary — a small change that carried the whole principle: scripture sets the agenda, not the church's calendar.\n\nThe Zurich reformation was conducted through public disputations before the city council, and this is Zwingli's distinctive political contribution. In 1523 he defended sixty-seven articles before the magistrates, who then ruled that he had not been refuted from scripture and authorised him to continue. The council abolished the mass, removed images and dissolved the monasteries. Reformation was thus enacted by the civil authority of a self-governing republic, on the ground that magistrates are Christians charged with ordering the common life and answerable to the Word. Church and city are not two societies but one community under two ministries, and the magistrate who rules contrary to God may be deposed — a claim Zwingli made explicitly and Calvin would handle more cautiously.\n\nHis theology pressed further than Luther's on two fronts. On the Eucharist he held the words this is my body to be figurative, a memorial rather than any real presence; the confrontation with Luther at Marburg in 1529 failed on precisely this, and the failure split Protestantism permanently. On images and ceremony he was more thorough, removing what scripture did not command rather than retaining what it did not forbid, which became the Reformed rather than Lutheran pattern.\n\nHe also broke with his own radical followers, who argued that his premises required believers' baptism and a church separated from the magistracy. Zurich drowned Anabaptists for that conclusion. Zwingli died in armour at Kappel, fighting the Catholic cantons; Luther took it as a judgement.",1484,1531,"Swiss","theologian","Reformation",null,[],[115,122],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},158,"Political Theology","political-theology","The tradition of reflecting systematically on the relationship between religious concepts and political authority, and on how theological categories underlie ostensibly secular political thought.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},40,"Republicanism","republicanism","The political tradition that emphasizes self-government, popular sovereignty, and the rule of citizens over themselves rather than rule by kings or aristocrats.",[],[130,135],{"relation_type":131,"traditions":132},"descends_from",{"name":133,"slug":134},"Platonism","platonism",{"relation_type":136,"traditions":137},"reacts_against",{"name":138,"slug":139},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",[],[142,149],{"title":143,"year":144,"year_display":145,"description":146,"kind":147,"sort_order":148},"Sixty-Seven Articles",1523,"1523","The theses defended before the Zurich council, which then ruled he had not been refuted from scripture and authorised the reformation.","work",1,{"title":150,"year":151,"year_display":152,"description":153,"kind":147,"sort_order":154},"Commentary on True and False Religion",1525,"1525","The systematic statement, including the figurative reading of the Eucharist that split Protestantism at Marburg.",2,[156,160,164,168,172,176,180,184,188,192,193,197,201,205,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,237,241,245,249,253,257,261,265,269,273,277,281,285,289,293,297,301,305,309,313,317,321,325,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,367,371,375,379,383,386],{"name":157,"slug":158,"birth_year":159},"Augustine of Hippo","augustine",354,{"name":161,"slug":162,"birth_year":163},"Anselm of Canterbury","anselm-of-canterbury",1033,{"name":165,"slug":166,"birth_year":167},"Al-Ghazali","al-ghazali",1058,{"name":169,"slug":170,"birth_year":171},"Maimonides","maimonides",1138,{"name":173,"slug":174,"birth_year":175},"Giles of Rome","giles-of-rome",1243,{"name":177,"slug":178,"birth_year":179},"Jean Gerson","jean-gerson",1363,{"name":181,"slug":182,"birth_year":183},"Nicholas of Cusa","nicholas-of-cusa",1401,{"name":185,"slug":186,"birth_year":187},"Desiderius Erasmus","erasmus",1466,{"name":189,"slug":190,"birth_year":191},"Martin Luther","martin-luther",1483,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":194,"slug":195,"birth_year":196},"John Calvin","john-calvin",1509,{"name":198,"slug":199,"birth_year":200},"Robert Bellarmine","robert-bellarmine",1542,{"name":202,"slug":203,"birth_year":204},"Richard Hooker","richard-hooker",1554,{"name":206,"slug":207,"birth_year":208},"Hugo Grotius","hugo-grotius",1583,{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":212},"Robert Filmer","robert-filmer",1588,{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"Oliver Cromwell","oliver-cromwell",1599,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Samuel Rutherford","samuel-rutherford",1600,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Gerrard Winstanley","gerrard-winstanley",1609,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Blaise Pascal","blaise-pascal",1623,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"Baruch Spinoza","baruch-spinoza",1632,{"name":234,"slug":235,"birth_year":236},"Nicolas Malebranche","nicolas-malebranche",1638,{"name":238,"slug":239,"birth_year":240},"Gotthold Ephraim Lessing","gotthold-ephraim-lessing",1729,{"name":242,"slug":243,"birth_year":244},"William Paley","william-paley",1743,{"name":246,"slug":247,"birth_year":248},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":250,"slug":251,"birth_year":252},"William Wilberforce","william-wilberforce",1759,{"name":254,"slug":255,"birth_year":256},"Friedrich Schleiermacher","friedrich-schleiermacher",1768,{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Søren Kierkegaard","soren-kierkegaard",1813,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Fyodor Dostoevsky","fyodor-dostoevsky",1821,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":268},"Harriet Tubman","harriet-tubman",1822,{"name":270,"slug":271,"birth_year":272},"Ernest Renan","ernest-renan",1823,{"name":274,"slug":275,"birth_year":276},"Leo Tolstoy","leo-tolstoy",1828,{"name":278,"slug":279,"birth_year":280},"Abraham Kuyper","abraham-kuyper",1837,{"name":282,"slug":283,"birth_year":284},"William Jennings Bryan","william-jennings-bryan",1860,{"name":286,"slug":287,"birth_year":288},"Walter Rauschenbusch","walter-rauschenbusch",1861,{"name":290,"slug":291,"birth_year":292},"Mahatma Gandhi","mahatma-gandhi",1869,{"name":294,"slug":295,"birth_year":296},"Carl Schmitt","carl-schmitt",1888,{"name":298,"slug":299,"birth_year":300},"Reinhold Niebuhr","reinhold-niebuhr",1892,{"name":302,"slug":303,"birth_year":304},"Aldous Huxley","aldous-huxley",1894,{"name":306,"slug":307,"birth_year":308},"Dorothy Day","dorothy-day",1897,{"name":310,"slug":311,"birth_year":312},"C.S. Lewis","cs-lewis",1898,{"name":314,"slug":315,"birth_year":316},"Eric Voegelin","eric-voegelin",1901,{"name":318,"slug":319,"birth_year":320},"Ayatollah Khomeini","ayatollah-khomeini",1902,{"name":322,"slug":323,"birth_year":324},"Dietrich Bonhoeffer","dietrich-bonhoeffer",1906,{"name":326,"slug":327,"birth_year":324},"Sayyid Qutb","sayyid-qutb",{"name":329,"slug":330,"birth_year":331},"Simone Weil","simone-weil",1909,{"name":333,"slug":334,"birth_year":335},"Rosa Parks","rosa-parks",1913,{"name":337,"slug":338,"birth_year":339},"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn","aleksandr-solzhenitsyn",1918,{"name":341,"slug":342,"birth_year":343},"Pope John Paul II","pope-john-paul-ii",1920,{"name":345,"slug":346,"birth_year":347},"Malcolm X","malcolm-x",1925,{"name":349,"slug":350,"birth_year":351},"César Chávez","cesar-chavez",1927,{"name":353,"slug":354,"birth_year":355},"Martin Luther King Jr.","martin-luther-king-jr",1929,{"name":357,"slug":358,"birth_year":359},"Pope Francis","pope-francis",1936,{"name":361,"slug":362,"birth_year":363},"Jim Wallis","jim-wallis",1948,{"name":365,"slug":366,"birth_year":363},"Jonathan Sacks","jonathan-sacks",{"name":368,"slug":369,"birth_year":370},"Chris Hedges","chris-hedges",1956,{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":374},"Albert Mohler","albert-mohler",1959,{"name":376,"slug":377,"birth_year":378},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":380,"slug":381,"birth_year":382},"Rod Dreher","rod-dreher",1967,{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":112},"Gustavo Gutiérrez","gustavo-gutierrez",{"name":387,"slug":388,"birth_year":112},"Oscar Romero","oscar-romero",{"cards":390,"influenced":391,"shapedBy":394,"outbound":148},[],[392,393],{"slug":195,"name":194},{"slug":190,"name":189},[]]