[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"archetype-name-map":3,"thinker-heinrich-von-treitschke":100,"$frvW65wXWo2hLgNPICEKl2iVxees1UD9IWPc_sddfcv8":416},[4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,43,46,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,88,91,94,97],{"slug":5,"name":6},"anarcho-capitalist","Anarcho-Capitalist",{"slug":8,"name":9},"establishment-progressive","Establishment Progressive",{"slug":11,"name":12},"progressive-activist","Progressive Activist",{"slug":14,"name":15},"techno-progressive","Techno-Progressive",{"slug":17,"name":18},"patriotic-progressive","Patriotic Progressive",{"slug":20,"name":21},"conservative-democrat","Conservative Democrat",{"slug":23,"name":24},"moderate-conservative","Moderate Conservative",{"slug":26,"name":27},"reform-conservative","Reform Conservative",{"slug":29,"name":30},"religious-conservative","Religious Conservative",{"slug":32,"name":33},"traditionalist","Traditionalist",{"slug":35,"name":36},"national-populist","National Populist",{"slug":38,"name":39},"left-nationalist","Left Nationalist",{"slug":41,"name":42},"moderate-liberal","Moderate Liberal",{"slug":44,"name":45},"pragmatic-centrist","Pragmatic Centrist",{"slug":47,"name":48},"authoritarian-left","Authoritarian Left",{"slug":50,"name":51},"authoritarian-right","Authoritarian Right",{"slug":53,"name":54},"welfare-nationalist","Welfare Nationalist",{"slug":56,"name":57},"democratic-socialist","Democratic Socialist",{"slug":59,"name":60},"christian-socialist","Christian Socialist",{"slug":62,"name":63},"market-socialist","Market Socialist",{"slug":65,"name":66},"trad-socialist","Trad Socialist",{"slug":68,"name":69},"civil-libertarian","Civil Libertarian",{"slug":71,"name":72},"compassionate-libertarian","Compassionate Libertarian",{"slug":74,"name":75},"left-libertarian","Left Libertarian",{"slug":77,"name":78},"traditional-libertarian","Traditional Libertarian",{"slug":80,"name":81},"classical-liberal","Classical Liberal",{"slug":83,"name":84},"social-liberal","Social Liberal",{"slug":86,"name":87},"national-conservative","National Conservative",{"slug":89,"name":90},"neoconservative","Neoconservative",{"slug":92,"name":93},"techno-authoritarian","Techno-Authoritarian",{"slug":95,"name":96},"market-liberal","Market Liberal",{"slug":98,"name":99},"independent-thinker","Independent Thinker",{"thinker":101,"archetypes":113,"traditions":114,"traditionLinks":134,"homeOut":135,"homeIn":155,"works":156,"homeTradition":117,"siblings":170},{"id":102,"slug":103,"name":104,"one_line":105,"bio":106,"birth_year":107,"death_year":108,"nationality":109,"primary_role":110,"era":111,"portrait_url":112,"figure_class":112},1231,"heinrich-von-treitschke","Heinrich von Treitschke","The Prussian historian who taught a generation that the state is power, that war is morally necessary, and whose antisemitic campaign made prejudice respectable.","Heinrich von Treitschke was professor of history at Berlin, a member of the Reichstag, and official historiographer of the Prussian state. His lectures were a public event, attended by officers and officials as well as students, and his History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century made the case that German unification under Prussia was the fulfilment of the national destiny rather than one outcome among several.\n\nHis Politics, published from those lectures after his death, states a doctrine with unusual frankness. The state is power — Der Staat ist Macht — and its first duty is to maintain and increase it. A state that will not fight is not a state; small states are anomalies that ought to be absorbed; and the notion of an international law standing above sovereigns is a contradiction, since there is no authority to enforce it. War is not merely sometimes necessary but positively good, the great physician who keeps a people from the corruption and softness of long peace. Individuals exist for the state, not the state for individuals, and the liberal error is to imagine that a nation is an association formed for the convenience of its members.\n\nHe began as a moderate liberal and moved steadily rightward with the Reich, and by the 1870s he was its most effective intellectual advocate. In 1879 he opened a public campaign against German Jews with the article containing the sentence taken up everywhere afterwards: the Jews are our misfortune. The importance of this is not that the sentiment was new but that Treitschke was not a crank — he was the most eminent historian in Germany, and his intervention moved antisemitism from the gutter press into respectable academic and official society. Mommsen answered him publicly and the exchange became a landmark.\n\nHis effect was enormous and almost entirely destructive. A generation of German officials, officers and schoolmasters learned their politics from him; his doctrines were quoted approvingly across Europe in 1914 as evidence of what Germany had become, and the National Socialists claimed him as a forerunner with more justification than they had for most of their claims.",1834,1896,"German","academic","19th Century",null,[],[115,122,128],{"is_primary":116,"traditions":117},false,{"id":118,"name":119,"slug":120,"short_description":121},14,"Conservatism","conservatism","The political tradition that emphasizes inherited institutions, traditions, and customs as repositories of accumulated practical wisdom.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":123},{"id":124,"name":125,"slug":126,"short_description":127},479,"Nationalism","nationalism","The principle that humanity divides into nations, that each is entitled to govern itself, and that political and national boundaries should coincide.",{"is_primary":116,"traditions":129},{"id":130,"name":131,"slug":132,"short_description":133},37,"Political Realism","political-realism","The tradition that analyzes politics in terms of power, interest, and the actual behavior of human beings rather than in terms of ideals about how they ought to behave.",[],[136,141,146,151],{"relation_type":137,"traditions":138},"reacts_against",{"name":139,"slug":140},"Enlightenment Philosophy","enlightenment-philosophy",{"relation_type":142,"traditions":143},"converges_with",{"name":144,"slug":145},"Communitarianism","communitarianism",{"relation_type":147,"traditions":148},"descends_from",{"name":149,"slug":150},"Natural Law","natural-law",{"relation_type":147,"traditions":152},{"name":153,"slug":154},"Romantic Political Thought","romantic-political-thought",[],[157,164],{"title":158,"year":159,"year_display":160,"description":161,"kind":162,"sort_order":163},"Politics",1898,"lectures; published 1897-98","The state is power, war is the great physician of peoples, and international law above sovereigns is a contradiction.","work",1,{"title":165,"year":166,"year_display":167,"description":168,"kind":162,"sort_order":169},"A Word About Our Jewry",1880,"1879-80","The article that moved antisemitism from the gutter press into respectable academic society; Mommsen answered it publicly.",2,[171,175,179,183,187,191,195,198,202,206,209,213,217,221,225,229,233,234,238,242,246,250,254,257,261,265,268,272,276,280,284,288,292,296,299,303,307,311,315,319,323,327,331,335,339,343,347,351,355,359,363,367,371,374,377,380,383,386,389,392,395,398,401,404,407,410,413],{"name":172,"slug":173,"birth_year":174},"Edmund Burke","edmund-burke",1729,{"name":176,"slug":177,"birth_year":178},"Joseph de Maistre","joseph-de-maistre",1753,{"name":180,"slug":181,"birth_year":182},"Louis de Bonald","louis-de-bonald",1754,{"name":184,"slug":185,"birth_year":186},"William Wilberforce","william-wilberforce",1759,{"name":188,"slug":189,"birth_year":190},"François-René de Chateaubriand","francois-rene-de-chateaubriand",1768,{"name":192,"slug":193,"birth_year":194},"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","samuel-taylor-coleridge",1772,{"name":196,"slug":197,"birth_year":194},"Friedrich Schlegel","friedrich-schlegel",{"name":199,"slug":200,"birth_year":201},"Klemens von Metternich","klemens-von-metternich",1773,{"name":203,"slug":204,"birth_year":205},"Friedrich Carl von Savigny","friedrich-carl-von-savigny",1779,{"name":207,"slug":208,"birth_year":205},"Adam Müller","adam-muller",{"name":210,"slug":211,"birth_year":212},"John C. Calhoun","john-c-calhoun",1782,{"name":214,"slug":215,"birth_year":216},"Thomas Carlyle","thomas-carlyle",1795,{"name":218,"slug":219,"birth_year":220},"Benjamin Disraeli","benjamin-disraeli",1804,{"name":222,"slug":223,"birth_year":224},"Jefferson Davis","jefferson-davis",1808,{"name":226,"slug":227,"birth_year":228},"Otto von Bismarck","otto-von-bismarck",1815,{"name":230,"slug":231,"birth_year":232},"James Fitzjames Stephen","james-fitzjames-stephen",1829,{"name":104,"slug":103,"birth_year":107},{"name":235,"slug":236,"birth_year":237},"Charles Maurras","charles-maurras",1868,{"name":239,"slug":240,"birth_year":241},"Calvin Coolidge","calvin-coolidge",1872,{"name":243,"slug":244,"birth_year":245},"Winston Churchill","winston-churchill",1874,{"name":247,"slug":248,"birth_year":249},"Robert Taft","robert-taft",1889,{"name":251,"slug":252,"birth_year":253},"Charles de Gaulle","charles-de-gaulle",1890,{"name":255,"slug":256,"birth_year":253},"Dwight D. Eisenhower","dwight-d-eisenhower",{"name":258,"slug":259,"birth_year":260},"Michael Oakeshott","michael-oakeshott",1901,{"name":262,"slug":263,"birth_year":264},"Barry Goldwater","barry-goldwater",1909,{"name":266,"slug":267,"birth_year":264},"Frank Meyer","frank-meyer",{"name":269,"slug":270,"birth_year":271},"Richard Weaver","richard-weaver",1910,{"name":273,"slug":274,"birth_year":275},"Ronald Reagan","ronald-reagan",1911,{"name":277,"slug":278,"birth_year":279},"Enoch Powell","enoch-powell",1912,{"name":281,"slug":282,"birth_year":283},"Russell Kirk","russell-kirk",1918,{"name":285,"slug":286,"birth_year":287},"Irving Kristol","irving-kristol",1920,{"name":289,"slug":290,"birth_year":291},"Phyllis Schlafly","phyllis-schlafly",1924,{"name":293,"slug":294,"birth_year":295},"Margaret Thatcher","margaret-thatcher",1925,{"name":297,"slug":298,"birth_year":295},"William F. Buckley Jr.","william-f-buckley-jr",{"name":300,"slug":301,"birth_year":302},"Patrick Buchanan","patrick-buchanan",1938,{"name":304,"slug":305,"birth_year":306},"George Will","george-will",1941,{"name":308,"slug":309,"birth_year":310},"Roger Scruton","roger-scruton",1944,{"name":312,"slug":313,"birth_year":314},"Mitt Romney","mitt-romney",1947,{"name":316,"slug":317,"birth_year":318},"Jonathan Sacks","jonathan-sacks",1948,{"name":320,"slug":321,"birth_year":322},"Larry Hogan","larry-hogan",1956,{"name":324,"slug":325,"birth_year":326},"Lisa Murkowski","lisa-murkowski",1957,{"name":328,"slug":329,"birth_year":330},"Albert Mohler","albert-mohler",1959,{"name":332,"slug":333,"birth_year":334},"Michael Lind","michael-lind",1962,{"name":336,"slug":337,"birth_year":338},"Andrew Sullivan","andrew-sullivan",1963,{"name":340,"slug":341,"birth_year":342},"Yoram Hazony","yoram-hazony",1964,{"name":344,"slug":345,"birth_year":346},"Rod Dreher","rod-dreher",1967,{"name":348,"slug":349,"birth_year":350},"Jonah Goldberg","jonah-goldberg",1969,{"name":352,"slug":353,"birth_year":354},"Marco Rubio","marco-rubio",1971,{"name":356,"slug":357,"birth_year":358},"Ramesh Ponnuru","ramesh-ponnuru",1974,{"name":360,"slug":361,"birth_year":362},"Yuval Levin","yuval-levin",1977,{"name":364,"slug":365,"birth_year":366},"Reihan Salam","reihan-salam",1979,{"name":368,"slug":369,"birth_year":370},"Ben Shapiro","ben-shapiro",1984,{"name":372,"slug":373,"birth_year":370},"Christopher Rufo","christopher-rufo",{"name":375,"slug":376,"birth_year":112},"Clyde Wilson","clyde-wilson",{"name":378,"slug":379,"birth_year":112},"Harry Jaffa","harry-jaffa",{"name":381,"slug":382,"birth_year":112},"Paul Gottfried","paul-gottfried",{"name":384,"slug":385,"birth_year":112},"Peter Viereck","peter-viereck",{"name":387,"slug":388,"birth_year":112},"Robert Nisbet","robert-nisbet",{"name":390,"slug":391,"birth_year":112},"Wilhelm Röpke","wilhelm-ropke",{"name":393,"slug":394,"birth_year":112},"Ryszard Legutko","ryszard-legutko",{"name":396,"slug":397,"birth_year":112},"Samuel Francis","samuel-francis",{"name":399,"slug":400,"birth_year":112},"James Q. Wilson","james-q-wilson",{"name":402,"slug":403,"birth_year":112},"Charles Krauthammer","charles-krauthammer",{"name":405,"slug":406,"birth_year":112},"Norman Podhoretz","norman-podhoretz",{"name":408,"slug":409,"birth_year":112},"Charlie Kirk","charlie-kirk",{"name":411,"slug":412,"birth_year":112},"Henry Olsen","henry-olsen",{"name":414,"slug":415,"birth_year":112},"Michael Brendan Dougherty","michael-brendan-dougherty",{"cards":417,"influenced":418,"shapedBy":422,"outbound":423},[],[419],{"slug":420,"name":421},"ernest-renan","Ernest Renan",[],0]